Comoros

The archipelago island nation of Comoros lies off the east coast of Africa and has a population of around 800,000, making it one of the least but also most densely populated countries. Around 98% of the population identify as Sunni Muslim.[ref]https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/comoros/[/ref] Following a referendum in 2009, the government introduced a law declaring Islam the state religion and entrenching Islamist tendencies. Comoros is a member of the League of Arab States (LAS), as well as the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

Constitution and government Education and children’s rights Family, community, society, religious courts and tribunals Freedom of expression advocacy of humanist values
It is illegal to advocate secularism or church-state separation, or such advocacy is suppressed
It is illegal or unrecognised to identify as an atheist or as non-religious
The non-religious are barred from some government offices (including posts reserved for particular religions or sects)
State legislation is partly derived from religious law or by religious authorities
Religious or ideological instruction is mandatory in all or most state-funded schools with no secular or humanist alternative
Systemic religious privilege results in significant social discrimination
Religious control over family law or legislation on moral matters
It is made difficult to register or operate an explicitly Humanist, atheist, secularist or other non-religious NGO or other human rights organization
‘Apostasy’ is outlawed and punishable with a prison sentence
‘Blasphemy’ is outlawed or criticism of religion (including de facto ‘blasphemy’ laws) is restricted and punishable with a prison sentence
There is state funding of at least some religious schools
Some religious courts rule in civil or family matters on a coercive or discriminatory basis
Religious courts or tribunals rule directly on some family or ‘moral’ matters; it is legally an opt-in system, but the possibility of social coercion is very clear
Constitution and government
The non-religious are barred from some government offices (including posts reserved for particular religions or sects)
State legislation is partly derived from religious law or by religious authorities
Education and children’s rights
Religious or ideological instruction is mandatory in all or most state-funded schools with no secular or humanist alternative
There is state funding of at least some religious schools
Family, community, society, religious courts and tribunals
Systemic religious privilege results in significant social discrimination
Religious control over family law or legislation on moral matters
It is made difficult to register or operate an explicitly Humanist, atheist, secularist or other non-religious NGO or other human rights organization
Some religious courts rule in civil or family matters on a coercive or discriminatory basis
Religious courts or tribunals rule directly on some family or ‘moral’ matters; it is legally an opt-in system, but the possibility of social coercion is very clear
Freedom of expression advocacy of humanist values
It is illegal to advocate secularism or church-state separation, or such advocacy is suppressed
It is illegal or unrecognised to identify as an atheist or as non-religious
‘Apostasy’ is outlawed and punishable with a prison sentence
‘Blasphemy’ is outlawed or criticism of religion (including de facto ‘blasphemy’ laws) is restricted and punishable with a prison sentence
Use of Conscientious Objection clauses resulting in the denial of lawful services to women and LGBTI+ people
Religious or ideological instruction is mandatory in all or most state-funded schools with no secular or humanist alternative
Insufficient information or detail not included in this report
Insufficient information or detail not included in this report

Countries: Kazakhstan

The state is secular, with separation of religious and political authorities, not discriminating against any religion or belief
Insufficient information or detail not included in this report
No fundamental restrictions on freedom of expression or advocacy of humanist values
Insufficient information or detail not included in this report

Countries: no countries relate to this boundary condition

No condition holds in this strand
No condition holds in this strand

Countries: Andorra

No condition holds in this strand
Religious courts or tribunals rule directly on some family or ‘moral’ matters; it is legally an opt-in system, but the possibility of social coercion is very clear
No condition holds in this strand

Countries: no countries relate to this boundary condition

Localised or infrequent but recurring and widespread social marginalisation or prejudice against the non-religious

This condition is unusual in that it is applied in cases where there is some social discrimination, but it is not pervasive or nationwide. This condition is applied when there is sufficient background evidence to warrant the assertion that discrimination is not anomalous but widespread, and this condition may be applied for example even where if there is no legislative discrimination or where the non-religious may have legal recourse against such discrimination. However, societal discrimination (i.e. discrimination by peers, as opposed to state or legal discrimination) is not easily measured, and for this reason the Report does not currently have similar more severe boundary conditions to capture higher levels of social discrimination per se. In principle these may be introduced in future. However, we consider that countries with actual higher levels of social discrimination against the non-religious will generally already meet other higher level (more severe) boundary conditions under this thematic strand.

Countries: Botswana, Greece, Serbia, United States of America

The dominant influence of religion in public life undermines the right to equality and/or non-discrimination

Applied when the influence of religion on public life undermines others’ rights, such as SRHR, women’s rights, LGBTI+ rights.

May be applied when the influence is overt (i.e. when religious laws are applied to undermine others’ rights) or covert (i.e. where religious pressure groups exert influence to affect policy)

Countries: Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brunei Darussalam, Congo, Democratic Republic of, Croatia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Eswatini, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Liberia, Lithuania, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Mozambique, Nicaragua, North Macedonia, Oman, Paraguay, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, Zambia

The non-religious are persecuted socially or there are prohibitive social taboos against atheism, humanism or secularism
Complete tyranny precludes all freedoms of expression and thought, religion or belief

Applied when overriding acts of oppression by the State are extreme, to the extent that the question of freedom of thought and expression is almost redundant, because all human rights and freedoms are quashed by authorities.

Countries: North Korea

Expression of core Humanist principles on democracy, freedom and human rights is brutally repressed
Expression of non-religious views is severely persecuted, or is rendered almost impossible by severe social stigma, or is highly likely to be met with hatred or violence
There is significant social marginalisation of the non-religious or stigma associated with expressing atheism, humanism or secularism
Religious or ideological indoctrination is utterly pervasive in schools
There is a nominal state church with few privileges or progress is being made toward disestablishment

Countries: Bulgaria, Norway, Peru, Rwanda

The non-religious are barred from some government offices (including posts reserved for particular religions or sects)
‘Apostasy’ is outlawed and punishable with a prison sentence

Countries: Bahrain, Comoros, Jordan, Kuwait

‘Apostasy’ or conversion from a specific religion is outlawed and punishable by death
Some religious courts rule in civil or family matters on a coercive or discriminatory basis
Religious authorities have supreme authority over the state

Countries: Iran

State legislation is partly derived from religious law or by religious authorities
Preferential treatment is given to a religion or religion in general

This condition is applied where there are miscellaneous indicators that organs of the state offer various forms of support for a religion, or to religion in general over non-religious worldviews, suggesting a preference for those beliefs, or that the organs of that religion are privileged.

Countries: Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Belize, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Burundi, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Montenegro, Mozambique, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Oman, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, San Marino, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, United Kingdom, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Zimbabwe

There is a pattern of impunity or collusion in violence by non-state actors against the nonreligious
State-funded schools provide religious education which may be nominally comprehensive but is substantively biased or borderline confessional
Religious or ideological instruction in a significant number of schools is of a coercive fundamentalist or extremist variety

This condition highlights countries where schools subject children to fundamentalist religious instruction with no real opportunity to question fundamentalist tenets, or where lessons routinely encourage hatred (for example religious or ethnic hatred). The wording “significant number of schools” is not given a rigid quantification (sometimes the worst-offending schools are unregistered, illegal, or otherwise uncounted); however the condition is not applied in cases where only a small number of schools meet the description and may be anomalous, as opposed to being indicative of a widespread problem.

Countries: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia

State legislation is largely or entirely derived from religious law or by religious authorities
Anomalous discrimination by local or provincial authorities, or overseas territories
Religious or ideological instruction is mandatory in at least some public schools (without secular or humanist alternatives)
‘Blasphemy’ or criticism of religion is outlawed and punishable by death
Government figures or state agencies openly marginalize, harass, or incite hatred or violence against the non-religious
Government authorities push a socially conservative, religiously or ideologically inspired agenda, without regard to the rights of those with progressive views
It is illegal to advocate secularism or church-state separation, or such advocacy is suppressed
Prohibitive interreligious social control (including interreligious marriage bans)
Quasi-divine veneration of a ruling elite is enforced, or a single-party regime holds uncontested power, subject to severe punishment
Legal or constitutional provisions exclude non-religious views from freedom of belief
It is illegal to register an explicitly Humanist, atheist, secularist or other non-religious NGO or other human rights organization, or such groups are persecuted by authorities
There is a religious tax or tithing which is compulsory, or which is state-administered and discriminates by precluding non-religious groups
The non-religious are barred from holding government office
Some concerns about children's right to specifically religious freedom

This condition may apply if specifically religious education, religious materials, or specific religious denominations are so tightly controlled that children are in fact over-protected from exposure to religion and are likely unable to explore or construct their own worldview in accordance with their evolving capacities. This condition helps us to classify states (perhaps with secular constitutions) which have criminalized specifically religious beliefs or practices. This condition is not applied if the restricted beliefs or practices are found to be outlawed due to their being of an extremist variety. While this condition does not directly reflect discrimination against non-religious persons or non-religious ideas, it does represent an overall threat to freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief; such restrictions could spill over to affect non-religious beliefs later; and they pose a risk of backlash against over-zealous secular authorities or even against non-religious individuals by association.

Countries: China, Congo, Democratic Republic of, Cuba, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guyana, Italy, Kazakhstan, Laos, Madagascar, Mexico, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Tajikistan, Togo, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Zimbabwe

It is illegal or unrecognised to identify as an atheist or as non-religious
It is made difficult to register or operate an explicitly Humanist, atheist, secularist or other non-religious NGO or other human rights organization
Legend
 
Grave Violations
Severe Discrimination
Systemic Discrimination
Mostly Satisfactory
More information about rating table

Constitution and government

The Constitution was last revised during a controversial referendum process in 2018. The revised Constitution disposed of a longstanding power-sharing arrangement in which the presidency was rotated between the three main islands of Comoros – Grand Comore, Anjouan, and Mohéli – every five years, and it grants the president the ability to run for two consecutive five-year terms. The result of the referendum was boycotted by the opposition and resulted in protests against President Azali Assoumani, who was sworn in for a second presidential term in May 2021.[ref]https://www.cfr.org/blog/authoritarianism-comoros-resurgent[/ref]

The revised Constitution nominally protects freedom of thought, religion or belief, but in practice other laws and practices severely restrict this right. Article 97 of the Constitution declares Islam the state religion and commits the State to “draw on this religion, the Sunni principles and rules of obedience and the Chafi’i rites that govern belief and social life”. The first line of the Preamble of the Constitution stipulates that the Comorian people “cultivate a national identity based on […] a sole religion (Sunni Islam).”[ref]https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Comoros_2018.pdf?lang=en[/ref]

These references to Sunni Islam, which did not exist in the previous Constitution, have been cited by some as an example of President Azali Assoumani’s intention to cultivate closer political ties with Saudi Arabia and to counter the influence of former president Sambi, who is seen as close to Iran.[ref]https://freedomhouse.org/country/comoros/freedom-world/2022[/ref] President Azali Assoumani has previously and on multiple occasions called for the expulsion of Shia Muslims from Comoros.[ref]https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-report-on-international-religious-freedom/comoros/[/ref]

The Constitution states that, before assuming their functions, a president must swear an oath with his hand on the Koran, and he must swear “before Allah, the Merciful and the most Compassionate to loyally and honestly fulfill the duties of my charge, to only act in the general interest and within respect for the Constitution.”

Article 98 states that the grand mufti – the “highest religious authority” of the State – is nominated by the president. The grand mufti is mandated to “counsel” the government and the public on religious matters and Islamic law.[ref]https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/comoros/[/ref]

Education and children’s rights

State-run schools are based on the French system and there are no legal requirements around the teaching of the Qu’ran.[ref]https://www.humanium.org/en/comoros/[/ref] However, State schools are chronically underfunded, and a large majority of students attend non-formal Qu’ranic schools for two or three years, starting around age five, where they learn the rudiments of the Islamic faith and some classical Arabic.[ref]https://countrystudies.us/comoros/13.htm; https://www.unicef.org/media/116231/file/Comoros-2021-COAR.pdf[/ref]

Family, community and society

Women’s rights and equality

Comoros’ Family Code contains a number of patriarchal and discriminatory provisions which impede women’s equality.

Article 13 of the Family Code defines marriage as a legal union between “a man and a woman” with the purpose of creating a “lasting conjugal life” and the “purity and desire to procreate.”Furthermore, a marriage can only be concluded between Muslims (Article 16).

Marriage is based on a guardianship system by which a woman is represented by her matrimonial guardian (the wali) – defined as a male relative such as her father, paternal grandfather, brother or paternal uncles or cousins – in order to enter into marriage. A marriage cannot be concluded without the wali’s consent (Article 21-23).[ref]https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/96290/113750/F-1388962001/COM-96290.pdf[/ref] Each marriage must be witnessed by two men of Muslim faith (Article 33).

Polygamy is permitted (Article 49). A woman whose husband has died or who has gotten divorced must observe a mandatory waiting period before remarrying. The length of the waiting period is determined by factors such as a woman’s menstrual cycle, menopause, pregnancy, or widowhood (Article 79).

The UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) has previously noted the “persistence of patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes concerning the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family and society” as well as the “persistence of entrenched harmful practices, such as forced and early marriages and polygamy” in Comoros.[ref]CEDAW/C/COM/CO/1-4; https://www.genderindex.org/wp-content/uploads/files/datasheets/2019/KM.pdf[/ref]

LGBTI+ rights

Article 318 criminalizes “improper or unnatural” acts between persons of the same-sex with a penalty of up to five years imprisonment and a fine. There are limited reports of enforcement in recent years, and the law appears to be largely obsolete in practice. Nevertheless, the mere existence of this provision is itself a violation of human rights and underpins further acts of discrimination.[ref]https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/comoros/[/ref]

Witchcraft

The penal code (Article 232)[ref]perma.cc/K2W9-QCEQ[/ref] criminalizes “practices of witchcraft, magic or charlatanism” that disturb public order or harm persons or property. These crimes of magic are punishable by fine or imprisonment from two months to two years.

Freedom of expression, advocacy of humanist values

Enforced Islamic identity

While apostasy is not expressly criminalized, there are strong legal and social deterrents against converting away from Islam. The Penal Code criminalizes the act of promoting non-Islamic beliefs to Muslims:

“Article 229-8. Whoever divulges, propagates, or teaches Muslims a religion other than the Muslim religion, shall be punished by imprisonment for three months and a fine of 50,000 to 500,000 francs.

The same penalties apply for the sale, offering for sale, even free distribution to Muslims, of books, pamphlets, magazines, records and cassettes disclosing a religion other than Islam.”[ref]perma.cc/K2W9-QCEQ[/ref]

Though phrased only in terms of alternative specifically religious beliefs, it is probable that promotion of non-religious views or criticism of Islam could be defined as anti-Islamic proselytizing and therefore fall under this same provision.

There is also serious negative social discrimination against assumed ‘apostates’. A law student, Musa Kim, who reportedly converted from Islam to Christianity in 2008, was beaten by his family. He was rescued and recovered in a secret location. That house was later identified and was razed. Kim survived but would not report any of the incidents to the police for fear that this would cause more trouble for him.[ref]worthynews.com/3101-comoros-christians-oppressed-on-indian-ocean-islands[/ref]

Citizens are also forced to conform to at least some Islamic practices. Under the penal code:

“Article 229-1. Any act committed with the intention of disturbing public order and good morals in relation to the practice of fasting during Ramadan will be punished with a term of imprisonment from one to six months and a fine of 15,000 to 25,000 francs.”

“Article 229-7. Any Muslim who has apparently consumed knowingly products prohibited by Islamic law will be punished by imprisonment of one to six months and a fine of 15,000 to 200,000 francs.”[ref]perma.cc/K2W9-QCEQ[/ref]

In addition, the manufacture and import of alcohol are strictly prohibited under the Penal Code (Articles 229.2-229.3), and can result in a fine or a prison sentence of up to one year. Anyone who is determined to be intoxicated in a public place can be imprisoned for up to three months (Article 229.3).[ref]perma.cc/K2W9-QCEQ[/ref]

Contradicting Islam or “outraging” ministers of religion

While there is no explicit reference to ‘blasphemy’, under the heading of “Obstacles to the free exercise of worship,” Article 231 of the penal code criminalizes “outraging” (or perhaps best translated as “insulting”) a minister of religion “in the performance of his duties” punishable with a fine or imprisonment from six months up to two years.[ref]perma.cc/K2W9-QCEQ[/ref] The vague terms suggest that this law could be used as a quasi-blasphemy law if a cleric was confronted with criticism during the course of his work.

Freedom of the Press

Freedom of expression is restricted. The political tension during the constitutional referendum in 2018 and President Azali Assoumani’s reelection in 2019 triggered a range of press freedom violations, including censorship, threats, intimidation, attacks and arrests. Most journalists will practice self-censorship in order to maintain their reputation and careers. Journalists face harassment and intimidation, including from government officials.[ref]https://freedomhouse.org/country/comoros/freedom-world/2022; https://rsf.org/en/country/comoros[/ref]