Equatorial Guinea

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Formerly the colony of Spanish Guinea, Equatorial Guinea is the only African country where Spanish is an official language. The discovery of oil has made the country the second richest in Africa in per capita income.¹”African countries with the highest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in 2022″, Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1121014/gdp-per-capita-of-african-countries/ (accessed 4 July 2024)

Since rising to power in a military coup in 1979, President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo has controlled all branches of government in collaboration with his clan and political party, PDGE; he is the longest sitting president in the world.²”Equatorial Guinea” in World Report 2020, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2020/country-chapters/equatorial-guinea (accessed 4 July 2024) In 2022 he was re-elected for his 6th term with 95% of the vote.³”Equatorial Guinea 2023″ in Amnesty International Report 2023/2024, Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/west-and-central-africa/equatorial-guinea/report-equatorial-guinea/ (accessed 4 July 2024) The country is deeply marked by human rights violations, and a lack of rule of law or justice.⁴”2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Equatorial Guinea”, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/equatorial-guinea (accessed 4 July 2024)

The population is estimated to be 1.7 million as of 2023.⁵”Population, total – Equatorial Guinea”, World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=GQ (accessed July 2024) According to the 2015 census, 88% of the population is Roman Catholic, 5% Protestant, 2% is Muslim. The remaining 5% adhere to animism, the Baha’i Faith, Judaism, and other belief groups.⁶”Equatorial Guinea” in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/equatorial-guinea/ (accessed 4 July 2024)

The state is secular, with separation of religious and political authorities, not discriminating against any religion or belief

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Countries: Belgium, Brazil, Central African Republic, Congo, Republic of the, Ecuador, Estonia, Fiji, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Japan, Kenya, Kosovo, Mongolia, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands, São Tomé and Príncipe, Slovenia, South Africa, South Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan, Ukraine

Insufficient information or detail not included in this report

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Countries: Kazakhstan

Religious or ideological instruction is mandatory in all or most state-funded schools with no secular or humanist alternative

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Countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Brunei Darussalam, Comoros, Croatia, Egypt, Eswatini, Ghana, Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

No formal discrimination in education

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Countries: Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Congo, Republic of the, Czech Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Iceland, India, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar, Mali, Mongolia, Montenegro, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Russia, São Tomé and Príncipe, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Taiwan, Timor-Leste (East Timor), United States of America, Uruguay

Insufficient information or detail not included in this report

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Countries: Angola, Azerbaijan, Côte d'Ivoire, South Sudan, Tuvalu

Religious courts or tribunals rule directly on some family or ‘moral’ matters; it is legally an opt-in system, but the possibility of social coercion is very clear

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Countries: Comoros, Ethiopia, Gambia, Jamaica, Kenya, Lebanon, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom

No religious tribunals of concern, secular groups operate freely, individuals are not persecuted by the state

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Countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Chile, Congo, Republic of the, Czech Republic, Dominica, Ecuador, Estonia, France, Ghana, Guatemala, Iceland, Japan, Korea, Republic of, Kosovo, Latvia, Luxembourg, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Palau, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Slovenia, Sweden, Taiwan, Uruguay, Venezuela

Insufficient information or detail not included in this report

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Countries: Côte d'Ivoire, Honduras, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, South Africa, South Sudan

No fundamental restrictions on freedom of expression or advocacy of humanist values

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Countries: Bahamas, Belgium, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Iceland, Jamaica, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Palau, Romania, Slovenia, Sweden, United States of America

Insufficient information or detail not included in this report

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Countries: no countries relate to this boundary condition

No condition holds in this strand

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Countries: Azerbaijan, Lesotho, Uzbekistan

No condition holds in this strand

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Countries: Andorra

No condition holds in this strand

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Countries: Cyprus, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, Laos, Lesotho

No condition holds in this strand

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Countries: no countries relate to this boundary condition

Localised or infrequent but recurring and widespread social marginalisation or prejudice against the non-religious

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This condition is unusual in that it is applied in cases where there is some social discrimination, but it is not pervasive or nationwide. This condition is applied when there is sufficient background evidence to warrant the assertion that discrimination is not anomalous but widespread, and this condition may be applied for example even where if there is no legislative discrimination or where the non-religious may have legal recourse against such discrimination. However, societal discrimination (i.e. discrimination by peers, as opposed to state or legal discrimination) is not easily measured, and for this reason the Report does not currently have similar more severe boundary conditions to capture higher levels of social discrimination per se. In principle these may be introduced in future. However, we consider that countries with actual higher levels of social discrimination against the non-religious will generally already meet other higher level (more severe) boundary conditions under this thematic strand.

Countries: Albania, Botswana, Greece, Serbia, United States of America

The dominant influence of religion in public life undermines the right to equality and/or non-discrimination

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Applied when the influence of religion on public life undermines others’ rights, such as SRHR, women’s rights, LGBTI+ rights.

May be applied when the influence is overt (i.e. when religious laws are applied to undermine others’ rights) or covert (i.e. where religious pressure groups exert influence to affect policy)

Countries: Albania, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Bahamas, Belize, Bolivia, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Chile, Congo, Democratic Republic of, Croatia, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Eritrea, Eswatini, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Hungary, Iran, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Liberia, Lithuania, Mexico, Moldova, Montenegro, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Oman, Paraguay, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, Zambia

Use of Conscientious Objection clauses resulting in the denial of lawful services to women and LGBTI+ people

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Countries: Armenia, Chile, Croatia, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Uruguay

Complete tyranny precludes all freedoms of expression and thought, religion or belief

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Applied when overriding acts of oppression by the State are extreme, to the extent that the question of freedom of thought and expression is almost redundant, because all human rights and freedoms are quashed by authorities.

Countries: Afghanistan, North Korea

The non-religious are barred from some government offices (including posts reserved for particular religions or sects)

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Countries: Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Comoros, Eritrea, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar (Burma), Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

There is systematic religious privilege

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Countries: Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, Brazil, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malta, Moldova, Nepal, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Togo, Tunisia, United Kingdom, Zambia, Zimbabwe

There is a nominal state church with few privileges or progress is being made toward disestablishment

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Countries: Bulgaria, Norway, Peru, Rwanda

Religious or ideological indoctrination is utterly pervasive in schools

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Countries: Afghanistan, Congo, Democratic Republic of, North Korea, Saudi Arabia

There is state funding of at least some religious schools

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Countries: Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belize, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Comoros, Costa Rica, Croatia, Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Kosovo, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Morocco, Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, United Kingdom, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zimbabwe

State-funded schools offer religious or ideological instruction with no secular or humanist alternative, but it is optional

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Countries: Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, Gambia, Germany, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Italy, Kiribati, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, New Zealand, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, Spain, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom, Vanuatu, Venezuela

Expression of non-religious views is severely persecuted, or is rendered almost impossible by severe social stigma, or is highly likely to be met with hatred or violence

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Countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Iran, Pakistan, Yemen

The non-religious are persecuted socially or there are prohibitive social taboos against atheism, humanism or secularism

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Countries: Algeria, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Malaysia, Maldives, Nigeria, Oman, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Turkey

There is significant social marginalisation of the non-religious or stigma associated with expressing atheism, humanism or secularism

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Countries: Bangladesh, Barbados, Colombia, Egypt, Georgia, Ghana, Guyana, Iraq, Malaysia, Poland, Samoa, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Uganda

Expression of core Humanist principles on democracy, freedom and human rights is brutally repressed

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Countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Chad, China, Eritrea, Iran, Kuwait, Mauritania, North Korea, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

Expression of core humanist principles on democracy, freedom or human rights is severely restricted

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Countries: Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Brazil, Burundi, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of, Cuba, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Laos, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Morocco, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Philippines, Russia, Rwanda, Samoa, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Viet Nam, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Expression of core humanist principles on democracy, freedom or human rights is somewhat restricted

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Countries: Andorra, Armenia, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Congo, Republic of the, Côte d'Ivoire, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mexico, Mozambique, Myanmar (Burma), Niger, Panama, Paraguay, Poland, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda

Some concerns about political or media freedoms, not specific to the non-religious

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Countries: Albania, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Belize, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Hungary, India, Ireland, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Korea, Republic of, Kosovo, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Tonga, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Zambia

Religious authorities have supreme authority over the state

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Countries: Iran

State legislation is partly derived from religious law or by religious authorities

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Countries: Algeria, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Comoros, Egypt, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Malaysia, Morocco, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates

Preferential treatment is given to a religion or religion in general

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This condition is applied where there are miscellaneous indicators that organs of the state offer various forms of support for a religion, or to religion in general over non-religious worldviews, suggesting a preference for those beliefs, or that the organs of that religion are privileged.

Countries: Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Belize, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Burundi, Canada, Cape Verde, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Montenegro, Mozambique, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Oman, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, San Marino, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, United Kingdom, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Zimbabwe

Official symbolic deference to religion

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Countries: Albania, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Democratic Republic of, Croatia, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Finland, Germany, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Kiribati, Korea, Republic of, Laos, Latvia, Liberia, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Serbia, Singapore, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States of America, Vanuatu, Zimbabwe

Religious or ideological instruction in a significant number of schools is of a coercive fundamentalist or extremist variety

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This condition highlights countries where schools subject children to fundamentalist religious instruction with no real opportunity to question fundamentalist tenets, or where lessons routinely encourage hatred (for example religious or ethnic hatred). The wording “significant number of schools” is not given a rigid quantification (sometimes the worst-offending schools are unregistered, illegal, or otherwise uncounted); however the condition is not applied in cases where only a small number of schools meet the description and may be anomalous, as opposed to being indicative of a widespread problem.

Countries: Bangladesh, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia

Religious schools have powers to discriminate in admissions or employment

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Countries: Argentina, Armenia, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Equatorial Guinea, Finland, Germany, Haiti, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Jamaica, Lebanon, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Morocco, Myanmar (Burma), Sri Lanka, Uganda, United Kingdom, Zimbabwe

State-funded schools provide religious education which may be nominally comprehensive but is substantively biased or borderline confessional

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Countries: Djibouti, Finland, India, Laos, Latvia, Norway, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sierra Leone, Ukraine

There is a pattern of impunity or collusion in violence by non-state actors against the nonreligious

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Countries: Bangladesh, Egypt, Mauritania, Pakistan

Systemic religious privilege results in significant social discrimination

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Countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ghana, Guinea, Guyana, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Oman, Palestine, Paraguay, Qatar, Russia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Zimbabwe

Some religious courts rule in civil or family matters on a coercive or discriminatory basis

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Countries: Bangladesh, Comoros, Egypt, Haiti, Jamaica, Malaysia, Nigeria, Palestine, Philippines, Singapore, Turkey

‘Apostasy’ or conversion from a specific religion is outlawed and punishable by death

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Countries: Afghanistan, Brunei Darussalam, Iran, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Yemen

‘Apostasy’ is outlawed and punishable with a prison sentence

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Countries: Bahrain, Comoros, Jordan, Kuwait

Blasphemy or criticism of religion is restricted in law and is punishable by a fine

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Countries: Australia, Austria, Barbados, Brazil, Cambodia, Finland, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Moldova, Montenegro, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, Uganda, United Kingdom

Concerns that secular or religious authorities interfere in specifically religious freedoms

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Countries: Angola, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cameroon, China, Congo, Republic of the, Denmark, Ethiopia, Germany, Ghana, Haiti, Hungary, Italy, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Nepal, North Korea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Serbia, Singapore, Tajikistan, Tonga, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Viet Nam

State legislation is largely or entirely derived from religious law or by religious authorities

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Countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Brunei Darussalam, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Maldives, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

There is an established church or state religion

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Countries: Algeria, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Costa Rica, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Finland, Georgia, Haiti, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Liechtenstein, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritania, Monaco, Morocco, Myanmar (Burma), Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Tuvalu, United Kingdom, Yemen, Zambia

Anomalous discrimination by local or provincial authorities, or overseas territories

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Countries: Cameroon, Dominica, Ethiopia, France, Ghana, Guinea, India, Jamaica, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia, Niger, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America

Religious or ideological instruction is mandatory in at least some public schools (without secular or humanist alternatives)

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Countries: Argentina, Armenia, Belize, Cambodia, Chad, China, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Georgia, Germany, Guinea, Haiti, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Jamaica, Jordan, Kosovo, Kuwait, Lesotho, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Palestine, Peru, Philippines, Samoa, Switzerland, Thailand, Uganda, United Kingdom

Government figures or state agencies openly marginalize, harass, or incite hatred or violence against the non-religious

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Countries: Afghanistan, Egypt, Hungary, Iran, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan

Government authorities push a socially conservative, religiously or ideologically inspired agenda, without regard to the rights of those with progressive views

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Countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, China, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Grenada, Hungary, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar, Malaysia, Montenegro, Morocco, Nicaragua, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Slovakia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Yemen, Zimbabwe

Discriminatory prominence is given to religious bodies, traditions or leaders

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Countries: Algeria, Andorra, Argentina, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Benin, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Denmark, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kiribati, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Micronesia, Moldova, Morocco, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Nigeria, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Romania, Samoa, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-Leste (East Timor), Tonga, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

‘Blasphemy’ or criticism of religion is outlawed and punishable by death

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Countries: Afghanistan, Brunei Darussalam, Iran, Mauritania, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia

‘Blasphemy’ is outlawed or criticism of religion (including de facto ‘blasphemy’ laws) is restricted and punishable with a prison sentence

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Countries: Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Comoros, Cyprus, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Finland, Gambia, Germany, Grenada, Guyana, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Morocco, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Oman, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Qatar, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Quasi-divine veneration of a ruling elite is enforced, or a single-party regime holds uncontested power, subject to severe punishment

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Countries: Brunei Darussalam, China, Cuba, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Viet Nam

Legal or constitutional provisions exclude non-religious views from freedom of belief

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Countries: Argentina, Burundi, Canada, Eritrea, Haiti, Jordan, Madagascar, Malaysia, Morocco, Oman, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Tonga

It is illegal to register an explicitly Humanist, atheist, secularist or other non-religious NGO or other human rights organization, or such groups are persecuted by authorities

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Countries: Afghanistan, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, China, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Maldives, Morocco, North Korea, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

Prohibitive interreligious social control (including interreligious marriage bans)

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Countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Djibouti, Egypt, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Libya, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar (Burma), Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

Religious groups control some public or social services

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Countries: Algeria, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Denmark, Germany, Haiti, Hungary, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, Solomon Islands, Switzerland, Tunisia, United Kingdom, Vanuatu

It is illegal to advocate secularism or church-state separation, or such advocacy is suppressed

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Countries: Afghanistan, Brunei Darussalam, Comoros, Indonesia, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Maldives, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

The non-religious are barred from holding government office

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Countries: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Iran, Maldives, Mauritania, Pakistan, Rwanda, Somalia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

There is a religious tax or tithing which is compulsory, or which is state-administered and discriminates by precluding non-religious groups

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Countries: Argentina, Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Haiti, Hungary, Italy, Pakistan, Peru, Rwanda, Samoa, Sweden, Switzerland

Religious control over family law or legislation on moral matters

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Countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belize, Brunei Darussalam, Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

It is illegal or unrecognised to identify as an atheist or as non-religious

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Countries: Comoros, Egypt, Eritrea, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Malaysia, Maldives, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, United Arab Emirates

Some concerns about children's right to specifically religious freedom

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This condition may apply if specifically religious education, religious materials, or specific religious denominations are so tightly controlled that children are in fact over-protected from exposure to religion and are likely unable to explore or construct their own worldview in accordance with their evolving capacities. This condition helps us to classify states (perhaps with secular constitutions) which have criminalized specifically religious beliefs or practices. This condition is not applied if the restricted beliefs or practices are found to be outlawed due to their being of an extremist variety. While this condition does not directly reflect discrimination against non-religious persons or non-religious ideas, it does represent an overall threat to freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief; such restrictions could spill over to affect non-religious beliefs later; and they pose a risk of backlash against over-zealous secular authorities or even against non-religious individuals by association.

Countries: China, Congo, Democratic Republic of, Cuba, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guyana, Italy, Kazakhstan, Laos, Madagascar, Mexico, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Tajikistan, Togo, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Viet Nam, Zimbabwe

State-funding of religious institutions or salaries, or discriminatory tax exemptions

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It is made difficult to register or operate an explicitly Humanist, atheist, secularist or other non-religious NGO or other human rights organization

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Constitution and government

The Constitution⁷”Equatorial Guinea’s Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2012″, Constitute Project, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Equatorial_Guinea_2012.pdf?lang=en (accessed 4 July 2024) does not establish a state religion but mentions “responsibility before God and history” in its preamble. Article 13 provides a variety of rights, including freedom of “religion and worship” and “freedom of expression, thinking, ideas and opinions.”

Article 9 of the Constitution prohibits political parties based on “tribe, ethnicity, region, district, municipality province, gender, religion, social condition nor profession or occupation.”

Reports indicate that elections held are neither fair nor democratic.⁸Ned Price, “On the Elections in Equatorial Guinea”, Office of the Spokesperson, U.S. Department of State, 29 November 2022, https://www.state.gov/on-the-elections-in-equatorial-guinea/ (accessed 4 July 2024) The Electoral Authority is under the control of the governing party. Authorities repress the opposition parties, arrest, and prosecute dissidents to enable the ruling Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea to stay in power.⁹”Equatorial Guinea” in Freedom in the World 2022, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/equatorial-guinea/freedom-world/2022

The judiciary branch lacks independence.¹⁰”Equatorial Guinea” in Freedom in the World 2022, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/equatorial-guinea/freedom-world/2022 Due process and presumption of innocence are not respected. Reports indicate that civilians can be tried by the military courts. The President is designated the “first magistrate of the nation” and chair of the Judicial Council responsible for appointing judges and magistrates. Members of the government are reported to often influence judges in sensitive cases.¹¹”2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Equatorial Guinea”, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/equatorial-guinea (accessed 4 July 2024)

Religious preference

The Catholic Church along with a few other religious groups receive favorable treatment from the government. Churches conduct government functions like running schools and producing official documents such as birth certificates and marriage certificates.¹²”Equatorial Guinea” in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/equatorial-guinea/ (accessed 4 July 2024)

Religious groups are subject to a registration process that is cumbersome and prohibitively expensive. While some religious groups, such as Methodists, Muslims, and Baha’is, hold permanent authorizations, newer groups may be required to renew their registration annually. Groups related to the Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformed Church of Equatorial Guinea are exempted from registration.¹³https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/equatorial-guinea/

The Catholic Church is also exempted from the requirements imposed on foreign religious representatives or authorities to obtain advance government approval to participate in religious activities.¹⁴”Equatorial Guinea” in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/equatorial-guinea/ (accessed 4 July 2024)

Catholic leaders enjoy exclusive meetings with the highest-level government officials. Catholic masses are held on major ceremonial events like Independence Day and the holiday commemorating the President’s Birthday. Government officials and employees are usually expected to attend these events. Catholic and Reformed Church leaders were often seated in preferred locations at official events.¹⁵”Equatorial Guinea” in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/equatorial-guinea/ (accessed 4 July 2024)

Education and children’s rights

Catholic religious classes are part of the school curriculum. Opting out is possible if the student can provide a request from the leader of another religious group.¹⁶”Equatorial Guinea” in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/equatorial-guinea/ (accessed 4 July 2024) Such a requirement would seem to preclude the non-religious from opting-out of such classes. The Constitution guarantees the freedom of consciousness in education.

Article 24 of the Constitution:

“3. The State guarantees to every person, private entity or religious community, legally constituted, the right to found schools, provided that they are subject to the official pedagogical plan.
4.Official education permits the free election of the religious formation program, based on the freedom of conscience and religion protected by this Fundamental Law.”

Multiple Christian groups operate primary and secondary schools, according to standard curriculum requirements. However, the Catholic Church is the only religious group to receive state funding for operating educational institutions.¹⁷”Equatorial Guinea” in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/equatorial-guinea/ (accessed 4 July 2024)

University professors and teachers have reportedly been hired or dismissed due to their political affiliations.¹⁸”Equatorial Guinea” in Freedom in the World 2022, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/equatorial-guinea/freedom-world/2022

Child marriage

According to Girls Not Brides, 30% of girls are married by the age of 18. The high incidence of child marriage is reported to be influenced by patriarchal traditional values. ¹⁹”Equatorial Guinea”, Girls Not Brides, https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/learning-resources/child-marriage-atlas/regions-and-countries/equatorial-guinea/ (accessed 4 July 2024) The State reportedly obliges girl children to take pregnancy tests. Those who are found to be pregnant are excluded from school.²⁰”2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Equatorial Guinea”, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/equatorial-guinea (accessed 4 July 2024)

Family, community, society

Tradition and gender discrimination

The Constitution of Equatorial Guinea provides for equal rights for men and women. The country has a dual system based on both civil law and customary law, which creates obstacles to the advancement of women’s place in society. National legislation contains non-discrimination provisions but these laws are rarely enforced in practise.²¹OECD, “Equatorial Guinea”, in Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries, (Paris; OECD Publishing, 2010), https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264077478-105-en.

Under customary law, women do not have equal rights. In the event of separation or divorce, women are discriminated against in the division of assets acquired during the marriage, the custody of the children, and may be obliged to return their dowries. Women’s access to justice is limited in cases of physical abuse and issues regarding dowries and polygamy. Women are discriminated against in access to education and consequently access to employment.²²”Summary of Stakeholders’ submissions on Equatorial
Guinea”, Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review. Thirty-third session. 6–17 May 2019, A/HRC/WG.6/33/GNQ/3, https://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/guinea_ecuatorial/sesion_33_-_mayo_2019/a_hrc_wg.6_33_gnq_3_e.pdf

Women living in rural areas are more likely to be forced into performing traditional gender roles. Women living in more urban areas reportedly face less overt discrimination, but face barriers to education and, correspondingly, employment.²³”2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Equatorial Guinea”, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/equatorial-guinea (accessed 4 July 2024)

Although domestic violence is illegal, reports indicate that survivors are reluctant to report cases. Further, the government has failed to enforce the law effectively, with police and the judiciary reluctant to prosecute cases. Authorities generally treat domestic violence as a private matter to be resolved in the home, failing to protect the anonymity of survivors, and often disclosing survivors’ whereabouts to their alleged abusers.²⁴”2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Equatorial Guinea”, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/equatorial-guinea (accessed 4 July 2024)

The Penal Code²⁵”Penal Code (consolidated text of 1963), Equatorial Guinea”, WIPO, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/9121 (accessed 4 July 2024) in Equatorial Guinea is the Spanish Penal Code from 1963. Rape is criminalized but defined only within the boundaries of sexual intercourse being coerced with the use of force or intimation, or the victim being under 12 years old. The Law does not regard the lack of consent as the basis for rape. The legal definition of rape does not include marital rape, a wife cannot file a complaint. The marriage of the victim with the perpetrator cancels the criminal charges.²⁶”2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Equatorial Guinea”, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/equatorial-guinea (accessed 4 July 2024)

Abortion

Voluntary termination of pregnancy is criminalized, women and performers of the procedure are subject to 12 to 20 years of imprisonment.²⁷Human Rights Committee, “Concluding observations on Equatorial Guinea in the absence of its initial report”, CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1, 22 August 2019,  https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1&Lang=En Recent reports show that the criminalization is not applied, but that termination is only permitted in cases of rape and threat to the mother’s life and is subject to spousal consent. There is a lack of appropriate reproductive health services and very poor sexual education.²⁸Human Rights Committee, “Concluding observations on Equatorial Guinea in the absence of its initial report”, CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1, 22 August 2019,  https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1&Lang=En

LGBTI+ rights

There is an absence of legislation defining and prohibiting discrimination in particular sexual orientation, gender identity, and disability.²⁹Human Rights Committee, “Concluding observations on Equatorial Guinea in the absence of its initial report”, CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1, 22 August 2019,  https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1&Lang=En The law does not formally recognize or protect the existence of LGBTQI+ persons or groups; no laws prohibit discrimination. In 2022, the government reportedly declined to register LGBTI+ organizations, despite their attempts to conform with the registration law. Societal stigmatization of and discrimination against the LGBTI+ community is reported to bs widespread.³⁰”2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Equatorial Guinea”, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/equatorial-guinea (accessed 4 July 2024) It is unclear whether this discrimination is related to conservative religious values.

Freedom of expression, advocacy of humanist values

Freedom of expression within both the public and the private sphere is severely restricted. The government reportedly recruits informants and uses digital surveillance to monitor citizens, NGOs, and journalists. Individuals criticizing the government are subject to arbitrary arrest, physical abuse, and trumped-up charges.³¹”Equatorial Guinea” in Freedom in the World 2023, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/equatorial-guinea/freedom-world/2023 (accessed 5 July 2024)

Media freedom

The media outlets operating in the country are controlled by affiliates of the Government. Independent media is limited due to a lack of funding, infrastructure, and government persecution.³²Human Rights Committee, “Concluding observations on Equatorial Guinea in the absence of its initial report”, CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1, 22 August 2019,  https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1&Lang=En The government practices prior censorship of the media thereby severely limiting independent journalistic activity.  Journalists critical of the government, security forces, or the president and his family face surveillance, dismissal, threats and judicial harassment.³³”2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Equatorial Guinea”, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/equatorial-guinea (accessed 4 July 2024)

Repression of human rights defenders and civil society

International civil society monitor, CIVICUS rates Equatorial Guinea as “not free”.³⁴”Africa” in Global Findings 2023, CIVICUS https://monitor.civicus.org/globalfindings_2023/africa/ (accessed 5 July 2024) All civil society organizations must register through an onerous process that severely limits organisation’s ability to operate. The registration process itself is reported to be prohibitively expensive, and decisions regarding registration outcomes said to be arbitrary. NGOs are limited in their ability to receive donations from outside of the country, and therefore also limited in their ability to carry out their operations independently. The authorities have reportedly made the climate particularly inhospitable for organizations interested in addressing human rights concerns or corruption in the country.³⁵Human Rights Committee, “Concluding observations on Equatorial Guinea in the absence of its initial report”, CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1, 22 August 2019,  https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1&Lang=En; “2022 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Equatorial Guinea”, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/equatorial-guinea (accessed 4 July 2024); “Equatorial Guinea” in Freedom in the World 2023, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/equatorial-guinea/freedom-world/2023 (accessed 5 July 2024)

Journalists and human rights defenders more broadly are subject to arbitrary arrests and detentions.³⁶Human Rights Committee, “Concluding observations on Equatorial Guinea in the absence of its initial report”, CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1, 22 August 2019,  https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1&Lang=En; Amnesty International, “Equatorial Guinea: An endless history of human rights violations”, Amnesty International https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr24/7758/2024/en/ (accessed 5 July 2024)

Reports show that torture is used systematically by security forces. The judicial branch does not investigate the use of torture. Perpetrators enjoyed immunity and in some instances were promoted to positions in the Government or public administration. Many prisoners died in detention because of torture or lack of medical care.³⁷Human Rights Committee, “Concluding observations on Equatorial Guinea in the absence of its initial report”, CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1, 22 August 2019,  https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1&Lang=En; Amnesty International, “Equatorial Guinea: An endless history of human rights violations”, Amnesty International https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr24/7758/2024/en/ (accessed 5 July 2024)