Located in southwestern Africa, Angola is still recovering from a 27-year civil war between rival former independence movements. Formerly a Portuguese colony until 1975, the country gained independence after a protracted liberation war followed by a bloody civil war. The socialist one-party system that emerged and the political party that has remained in place since the adoption of a multi-party system, has brought little prosperity to the majority of the population despite the country’s vast mineral and oil reserves.1“Angola”, Britannica, accessed February 2025 https://www.britannica.com/place/Angola
Long time President Jose Eduardo dos Santos eventually stepped down in 2017 to be replaced by fellow MPLA member João Lourenço. Some restrictions on civil society and the press were eased after he took office in 2017, but that initial easing has since been reversed. A separatist conflict also continues to simmer.2“Angola country profile”, BBC, last updated February 2023 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13036732
According to the most recent census (2014), an estimated 41% of the population is Roman Catholic and 38% is Protestant. 12% of the population are non-religious and the remaining 9% is made up of animists, Muslims, Jews, Baha’is, and other religious groups.32023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Angola, US Department of State, accessed February 2025 https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/angola/
Constitution and government | Education and children’s rights | Family, community, society, religious courts and tribunals | Freedom of expression advocacy of humanist values |
---|---|---|---|
Severe Discrimination |
Systemic Discrimination |
Mostly Satisfactory |
Free and Equal |
The Constitution4Constituição da República de Angola, accessed February 2025 https://www.asg-plp.org/upload/legislacao/doc_99.pdf protects freedom of thought, conscience and religion, as well as freedom of opinion and expression. It defines the country as a secular State under Article 10 and protects freedom of thought, religion and worship under Article 41 The Constitution recognizes and respects different religious groups, which are free to organize and carry out their activities if they abide by the Constitution and laws. However, the country has a long history of religious repression and, although it no longer promotes atheism, the State keeps religion tightly under government control.5Inge Amundsen, “Angola: Religion and repression”, CMI Working Paper 2022:1, Chr. Michelsen Institute, https://www.cmi.no/publications/8283-angola-religion-and-repression
The government’s relationship with the Catholic Church is changeable. Angola has, however, reinforced its cooperation with the Church and signed a Framework Agreement with the Holy See in 20196Accordo Quadro tra la Santa Sede e la Repubblica di Angola, 13 September 2019 https://www.iuscangreg.it/conc/angola-2019.pdf in recognition of “the historical representation of the Catholic Church in Angola and its role in serving the spiritual, moral, social, cultural, pedagogical progress and well-being and public health of the Angolan people”.7Unofficial translation of: a representatividade histórica da Igreja Católica em Angola e o seu papel ao serviço do progresso e do bem-estar espiritual, moral, social, cultural, pedagógico e de saúde pública do povo angolano The Framework Agreement provides the Church a juridico-legal status in Angola and has enabled it to recover some of its properties that had historically been confiscated by the State.8“Angola and Vatican reinforce co-operation”, EIN Presswire, 13 September 2019 https://www.einpresswire.com/article/496251132/angola-and-vatican-reinforce-co-operation The terms of the Agreement enables the State to officially recognize Catholic wedding ceremonies. For all other religious groups, the government recognizes only civil wedding ceremonies.92023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Angola, US Department of State, accessed February 2025 https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/angola/
Although some representatives of the Catholic Church have been openly supportive of the ruling party, the Church has been critical of the authorities in recent years.10 Inge Amundsen, “Angola: Religion and repression”, CMI Working Paper 2022:1, Chr. Michelsen Institute, https://www.cmi.no/publications/8283-angola-religion-and-repression In 2022, Catholic Bishops publicly criticized the government warning that the upcoming elections could be manipulated to keep the MPLA in power and that the ruling party was preventing the elections from being properly monitored.11Eduardo Campos Lima, “Catholic bishops in Angola emerge as fearless critics of country’s ruling party”, National Catholic Reporter, 21 February 2022 https://www.ncronline.org/news/politics/catholic-bishops-angola-emerge-fearless-critics-countrys-ruling-party
The country’s religious demographics have seen a marked shift since the end of the civil war. There has been a growth of evangelical and Pentecostal churches supported by Brazilian, Nigerian and Congolese missionaries.12Inge Amundsen, “Angola: Religion and repression”, CMI Working Paper 2022:1, Chr. Michelsen Institute, https://www.cmi.no/publications/8283-angola-religion-and-repression
In 2019, the law on freedom of religion13Diário da República, Assembleia Nacional, Lei n.º 12/19, 14 May 2019 https://lex.ao/docs/assembleia-nacional/2019/lei-n-o-12-19-de-14-de-maio/ came into force. It requires religious groups to register, thereby allowing them to purchase property and use their property to hold religious events. Registration exempts religious groups from paying certain property and import taxes, and confers them with a legal status. Clergy must meet qualification requirements and religious doctrine must conform to the principles and rights outlined in the Constitution.
Unregistered groups have reported that the requirements are too burdensome and onerous for them to register. As a result there are an estimated 1,200 unregistered religious groups in the country, compared to an estimated 88 that are registered.142023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Angola, US Department of State, accessed February 2025 https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/angola/ In 2023 and 2024, no new registrations or licenses were granted, forcing many churches into a precarious situation where they exist under the constant threat of closure.15Lista Mundial da perseguicao: Angola, Portas Abertas, accessed February 2025 https://portasabertas.org.br/lista-mundial-da-perseguicao/angola
A group’s status can be withdrawn for offenses against public order, morals or good customs or for causing harm to the sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of the country. These vague provisions allow considerable discretion in the control of recognized religions and have permitted the government to shut down many religious organizations, including those that challenge authoritarian rule, human rights abuses and lack of democracy.16Inge Amundsen, “Angola: Religion and repression”, CMI Working Paper 2022:1, Chr. Michelsen Institute, https://www.cmi.no/publications/8283-angola-religion-and-repression
There is much debate in the country about the proliferation of “religious sects” and the National Institute for Religious Affairs has expressed concern about such groups exploiting vulnerable populations by forcing them to pay tithings, giving false promises of employment and involving them in criminal activities. It is reported that religious leaders have concerns about harmful practices in some Churches such as witchcraft and false miracles, but have also asked the government to recognize those religious groups that undertake positive activities in their communities.172023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Angola, US Department of State, accessed February 2025 https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/angola/
The most notorious attack on a religious group dates back to 2015. The “Mount Sumi massacre” took place against a 7th day Adventist splinter sect, A Luz do Mundo (Light of the World), who the government considered to have links with the opposition party, UNITA. According to the government, nine unarmed policemen were killed when they raided a camp seeking to arrest the sect leader. The police admitted killing 13 “snipers” who shot at them, but UNITA, media sources and human rights organizations report that around 1,000 sect members were massacred. The UN called for an independent commission of enquiry but the government refused.18 Herculano Coroado, “Christian sect killings in Angola shrouded in fear and mystery”, Reuters, 6 may 2015 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-angola-violence/christian-sect-killings-in-angola-shrouded-in-fear-and-mystery-idUSKBN0NR17X20150506/;
Zenaida Machado, “Dispatches: Was There a Massacre in Huambo, Angola?”, Human Rights Watch, 19 January 2016 https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/19/dispatches-was-there-massacre-huambo-angola
According to Freedom House, authorities clashed with Luz do Mundo members again in 2023 and police reported that three people were killed when they tried to deliver a warrant. Again witnesses dispute that figure.19“Angola” chapter, Freedom in the World 2024, Freedom House, accessed February 2025 https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2024
There are no registered Muslim groups in the country, despite the fact that Muslim communities have vocally demanded this recognition as well as the right to worship freely.20“Angola” chapter, Freedom in the World 2024, Freedom House, accessed February 2025 https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2024 The government claims that this is because the Ministry of Culture is unfamiliar with the way in which the Islamic community is organized and this has created a delay in the registration process. They have also stated that they consider some Islamic practices to violate the Constitution. It is worth noting that islamophobic articles have been published in State-run media.212023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Angola, US Department of State, accessed February 2025 https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/angola/
Religious instruction is not provided in the public education system in Angola. However, private schools are permitted to teach religion.22Religious instruction is not provided in the public education system in Angola. However, private schools are permitted to teach religion.[ref]2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Angola, US Department of State, accessed February 2025 https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/angola/
Child marriage is common, particularly in rural areas.23 “Angola” chapter, Freedom in the World 2024, Freedom House, accessed February 2025 https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2024 While the minimum age of marriage is set at 18 years, boys are permitted to marry at 16 and girls at 15 years with parental consent. The UN has recommended that Angola revises its Family Code to remove all exceptions to the minimum age, including in customary law.24Compilation of information prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/2
The UN has expressed concerns that Angola has not yet adopted a general law on equality and non-discrimination, and that certain minority groups face stigmatization and discrimination.25 Compilation of information prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/2
Traditional and cultural beliefs and practices contribute to the persistence of gender discrimination and gender based violence. The UN has recommended that Angola make efforts to adopt a comprehensive law to prevent and combat all forms of violence against women and prohibit harmful practices, such as levirate marriages and dowries.26Compilation of information prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/2 Women in rural areas particularly lack independent land rights and married women without children face the risk of being dispossessed of their property by their in-laws.27Compilation of information prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/2 When the Penal Code was revised in 2019, abortion was decriminalized in cases where there is a serious risk to the life or health of the mother or fetus or in the case of rape.28 “Angola despenaliza homossexualidade e permite aborto em certos casos”, GloboNews, 24 January 2019 https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2019/01/24/angola-despenaliza-homossexualidade-e-permite-aborto-em-certos-casos.ghtml The Catholic Church was strongly opposed to this change and the New Apostolic Church also spoke out against it although it was reported to “respect other people’s choices on the matter.”29Mukuta bun, “Abortion continues to spark debate in Angolan society”, Voice of America, 24 January 2019 https://www.voaportugues.com/a/aborto-continua-a-provocar-debate-na-sociedade-angolana/4757366.html
Despite opposition to the practice from the Catholic Church, belief in witchcraft is common and those accused, including children and women, face mistreatment, torture and even death.30 Compilation of information prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/2 In 2024, it is estimated that 50 people died after being forced to drink a herbal potion to prove they were not witches.31“50 killed in anti-sorcery rituals after being forced to drink “mysterious liquid,” Angola officials say”, CBS NEWS, 14 March 2024 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/50-dead-anti-sorcery-rituals-mysterious-liquid-angola-officials/
Angola decriminalized same-sex relations in 2019. It has also prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation.32“Angola Decriminalizes Same-Sex Conduct”, Human Rights Watch, 23 January 2019 https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/24/angola-decriminalizes-same-sex-conduct Religious groups were reportedly divided in their opinions, but did not come out publicly against the legal changes. Angolan society has long been more tolerant of LGBTI+ people than most other countries on the continent.33Anna Pujol-Mazzini, “Now they must respect us’: a beacon of hope for Africa as Angola bans gay discrimination”, The Telegraph, 5 March 2021 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/now-must-respect-us-beacon-hope-africa-angola-bans-gay-discrimination/ Recording artist and fashion designer, Coreon Du, the son of the former President, Eduardo dos Santos, is openly gay and a long-time critic of homophobia in the country.34Jacob Anderson-Minshall, “Africa’s Notorious ‘Richest Woman’ Has a Gay Fashion Designer Brother”, Advocate, 22 January 2020 https://www.advocate.com/people/2020/1/22/africas-notorious-richest-woman-has-gay-fashion-designer-brother However, the LGBTI+ community still suffers from discrimination and violence in practice. During Angola’s latest UN Universal Periodic Review in January 2025, LGBTI+ rights organizations reported that violence against LGBTI+ people is underestimated and poorly addressed or investigated, and that there has been an increase in verbal and physical attacks, as well as hate speech online and in the media. LGBTI+ rights organizations also report struggling to obtain registration partly due to stigma.35Summary of stakeholders’ submissions on Angola, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/3
The Constitution guarantees freedom of expression, freedom of the press, and the right to peaceful assembly. However, since the Constitution was ratified in 2010, Angolan authorities have regularly restricted citizens’ right to free expression. Pro-democracy demonstrators have been beaten by police and their rallies violently disrupted. Several journalists have also been beaten in an attempt to prevent media coverage of anti-government demonstrations.
In 2024, a new National Security Law was enacted.36Diário da República, Assembleia Nacional, Lei n.º 15/24, 10 September 2024 https://www.mpla.ao/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-Lei-n.%C2%B0-15_24-Da-Seguranca-Nacional.pdf The bill had been criticized by human rights organizations for allowing excessive government control over the media, including censorship, disruption of telecommunications services and police surveillance. They claim the law will undermine already fragile press freedoms, freedom of expression, and association.37 Summary of stakeholders’ submissions on Angola, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/3
The State owns the majority of the media and even private outlets align themselves with the government.38“Angola” chapter, Freedom in the World 2024, Freedom House, accessed February 2025 https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2024 Journalists are often threatened and sometimes physically attacked for their work.39Summary of stakeholders’ submissions on Angola, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/3 Online media also suffer from government interference. In 2023, the online outlet Camunda News closed following a campaign of harassment, which its owner blamed on the government.40“Angola” chapter, Freedom in the World 2024, Freedom House, accessed February 2025 https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2024 ;
Compilation of information prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/2 There are also numerous reports of police beating reporters covering protests and confiscating reporting equipment.41Summary of stakeholders’ submissions on Angola, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/3
Subjects related to religion, the Catholic Church or sexuality are either ignored or treated with caution by the media.42“Angola”, Reporters Without Borders, accessed February 2025 https://rsf.org/en/country/angola
Defamation, insult and calumny are criminal offences under the Penal Code,43Assembleia Nacional, Diário da República, Lei n.º 38/20, 11 November 2020 https://minagrip.gov.ao/fotos/frontend_1/gov_documentos/novo_codigo_penal_905151145fad02b10cd11.pdf punishable by fines or prison sentences with increased sentences if the crime was committed through an information system or the media.44Compilation of information prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/2 Article 333 of the Penal Code outlaws insulting the president or any other sovereign body, an offense punishable by a prison sentence or a fine. Such charges and defamation suits have often been used against journalists by members of the government.45“Angolan authorities charge journalist with criminal defamation over corruption report”, Committee to Protect Journalists, 20 September 2023 https://cpj.org/2023/09/angolan-authorities-charge-journalist-with-criminal-defamation-over-corruption-report/#:~:text=Furtado%20was%20formally%20accused%20of,initially%20stating%20it%20was%20fake;
“Angolan editor Daniel Frederico faces criminal defamation charges”, Committee to Protect Journalists, 3 October 2023
https://cpj.org/2023/10/angolan-editor-daniel-frederico-faces-criminal-defamation-charges/;
“Angolan journalist convicted of criminal defamation” IFEX, 1 October 2021 https://ifex.org/angolan-journalist-convicted-of-criminal-defamation/
When the Lourenço administration first came to power there were signs of greater tolerance towards protesters, but this was short-lived, and peaceful demonstrations continue to be met with violence and brutality by the authorities,46 “Angola” chapter, Freedom in the World 2024, Freedom House, accessed February 2025 https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2024 in some cases leading to deaths.47Angola 2023 report, Amnesty International, accessed February 2025 https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/southern-africa/angola/report-angola/ Human rights defenders, journalists and protestors continue to be arbitrarily detained and sometimes prosecuted.48Summary of stakeholders’ submissions on Angola, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/3 In 2024, Angola’s National Assembly approved a bill on the Crimes of Vandalism of Public Goods and Services49 Assembleia Nacional, Diário da República, Lei n.º 13/24, 29 August 2024 https://plataformacipra.gov.ao/public/ficheiros/arquivos/Gov_AngolaLegisla%C3%A7%C3%A3o910509240141041725540064.pdf that provides prison terms of up to 25 years for people who participate in protests that result in vandalism and service disruptions.50“Angola: President Signs Laws Curtailing Speech, Association”, Human Rights Watch, 10 September 2024 https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/10/angola-president-signs-laws-curtailing-speech-association
NGOs are closely monitored by the Angolan authorities. In May 2023, the first draft of a bill was passed to restrict NGO activity. According to the provisions of the bill, NGOs would be prohibited from engaging in activities that could be considered subversive and a supervisory body would be given the power to audit, dissolve or limit their operations. The bill was still being debated at the time of writing.51“Angola” chapter, Freedom in the World 2024, Freedom House, accessed February 2025 https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2024 ;
Angola 2023 report, Amnesty International, accessed February 2025 https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/africa/southern-africa/angola/report-angola/
Human Rights organizations reported that in March 2023, 48 people were arrested at a human rights training workshop in the contested enclave of Cabinda. Although most were released within two days, some were detained for over a month before being released pending trial on charges of criminal association and rebellion.52“Angola: No Letup in Crackdown on Cabinda Activists”, Human Rights Watch, 16 May 2023 https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/16/angola-no-letup-crackdown-cabinda-activists
“Angola” chapter, Freedom in the World 2024, Freedom House, accessed February 2025 https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2024
References
↑1 | “Angola”, Britannica, accessed February 2025 https://www.britannica.com/place/Angola |
---|---|
↑2 | “Angola country profile”, BBC, last updated February 2023 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13036732 |
↑3, ↑9, ↑21 | 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Angola, US Department of State, accessed February 2025 https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/angola/ |
↑4 | Constituição da República de Angola, accessed February 2025 https://www.asg-plp.org/upload/legislacao/doc_99.pdf |
↑5, ↑12 | Inge Amundsen, “Angola: Religion and repression”, CMI Working Paper 2022:1, Chr. Michelsen Institute, https://www.cmi.no/publications/8283-angola-religion-and-repression |
↑6 | Accordo Quadro tra la Santa Sede e la Repubblica di Angola, 13 September 2019 https://www.iuscangreg.it/conc/angola-2019.pdf |
↑7 | Unofficial translation of: a representatividade histórica da Igreja Católica em Angola e o seu papel ao serviço do progresso e do bem-estar espiritual, moral, social, cultural, pedagógico e de saúde pública do povo angolano |
↑8 | “Angola and Vatican reinforce co-operation”, EIN Presswire, 13 September 2019 https://www.einpresswire.com/article/496251132/angola-and-vatican-reinforce-co-operation |
↑10 | Inge Amundsen, “Angola: Religion and repression”, CMI Working Paper 2022:1, Chr. Michelsen Institute, https://www.cmi.no/publications/8283-angola-religion-and-repression |
↑11 | Eduardo Campos Lima, “Catholic bishops in Angola emerge as fearless critics of country’s ruling party”, National Catholic Reporter, 21 February 2022 https://www.ncronline.org/news/politics/catholic-bishops-angola-emerge-fearless-critics-countrys-ruling-party |
↑13 | Diário da República, Assembleia Nacional, Lei n.º 12/19, 14 May 2019 https://lex.ao/docs/assembleia-nacional/2019/lei-n-o-12-19-de-14-de-maio/ |
↑14, ↑17 | 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Angola, US Department of State, accessed February 2025 https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/angola/ |
↑15 | Lista Mundial da perseguicao: Angola, Portas Abertas, accessed February 2025 https://portasabertas.org.br/lista-mundial-da-perseguicao/angola |
↑16 | Inge Amundsen, “Angola: Religion and repression”, CMI Working Paper 2022:1, Chr. Michelsen Institute, https://www.cmi.no/publications/8283-angola-religion-and-repression |
↑18 | Herculano Coroado, “Christian sect killings in Angola shrouded in fear and mystery”, Reuters, 6 may 2015 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-angola-violence/christian-sect-killings-in-angola-shrouded-in-fear-and-mystery-idUSKBN0NR17X20150506/; Zenaida Machado, “Dispatches: Was There a Massacre in Huambo, Angola?”, Human Rights Watch, 19 January 2016 https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/01/19/dispatches-was-there-massacre-huambo-angola |
↑19, ↑20, ↑38 | “Angola” chapter, Freedom in the World 2024, Freedom House, accessed February 2025 https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2024 |
↑22 | Religious instruction is not provided in the public education system in Angola. However, private schools are permitted to teach religion.[ref]2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Angola, US Department of State, accessed February 2025 https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/angola/ |
↑23, ↑46 | “Angola” chapter, Freedom in the World 2024, Freedom House, accessed February 2025 https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2024 |
↑24, ↑26, ↑27, ↑44 | Compilation of information prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/2 |
↑25, ↑30 | Compilation of information prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/2 |
↑28 | “Angola despenaliza homossexualidade e permite aborto em certos casos”, GloboNews, 24 January 2019 https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2019/01/24/angola-despenaliza-homossexualidade-e-permite-aborto-em-certos-casos.ghtml |
↑29 | Mukuta bun, “Abortion continues to spark debate in Angolan society”, Voice of America, 24 January 2019 https://www.voaportugues.com/a/aborto-continua-a-provocar-debate-na-sociedade-angolana/4757366.html |
↑31 | “50 killed in anti-sorcery rituals after being forced to drink “mysterious liquid,” Angola officials say”, CBS NEWS, 14 March 2024 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/50-dead-anti-sorcery-rituals-mysterious-liquid-angola-officials/ |
↑32 | “Angola Decriminalizes Same-Sex Conduct”, Human Rights Watch, 23 January 2019 https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/24/angola-decriminalizes-same-sex-conduct |
↑33 | Anna Pujol-Mazzini, “Now they must respect us’: a beacon of hope for Africa as Angola bans gay discrimination”, The Telegraph, 5 March 2021 https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/now-must-respect-us-beacon-hope-africa-angola-bans-gay-discrimination/ |
↑34 | Jacob Anderson-Minshall, “Africa’s Notorious ‘Richest Woman’ Has a Gay Fashion Designer Brother”, Advocate, 22 January 2020 https://www.advocate.com/people/2020/1/22/africas-notorious-richest-woman-has-gay-fashion-designer-brother |
↑35, ↑39, ↑41, ↑48 | Summary of stakeholders’ submissions on Angola, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/3 |
↑36 | Diário da República, Assembleia Nacional, Lei n.º 15/24, 10 September 2024 https://www.mpla.ao/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/20-Lei-n.%C2%B0-15_24-Da-Seguranca-Nacional.pdf |
↑37 | Summary of stakeholders’ submissions on Angola, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/3 |
↑40 | “Angola” chapter, Freedom in the World 2024, Freedom House, accessed February 2025 https://freedomhouse.org/country/angola/freedom-world/2024 ; Compilation of information prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Forty-eighth session, 20–31 January 2025 https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/48/AGO/2 |
↑42 | “Angola”, Reporters Without Borders, accessed February 2025 https://rsf.org/en/country/angola |
↑43 | Assembleia Nacional, Diário da República, Lei n.º 38/20, 11 November 2020 https://minagrip.gov.ao/fotos/frontend_1/gov_documentos/novo_codigo_penal_905151145fad02b10cd11.pdf |
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