Dominican Republic

A former Spanish colony, the Dominican Republic shares the island of Hispaniola with Haiti, a former French colony. Discrimination against Dominicans of Haitian descent and Haitian migrants is a significant problem in the country.¹

According to recent estimates (2023), approximately 18% of the population are non-religious, while 50% identify as Roman Catholic, and 30% as Evangelical Christian.² The estimates suggest a significant shift in religious demographics in the country; away from Catholicism towards Evangelical Christianity.³

Constitution and government

While the Constitution⁴ does not specify a State church, a 1954 Concordat with the Vatican, however, designates Catholicism as the official religion.⁵

The State’s symbolic deference to religion is also demonstrated by the fact that the country’s national motto is “God, Country, Liberty” (Article 34 of the Constitution), and that the national coat of arms carries at its center a bible open to the Gospel of Saint John, chapter 8, verse 32.

The Constitution and other laws and policies generally protect the right to freedom of religion or belief. The Constitution provides for freedom of religion and belief limited only by “public order and respect for social norms” (Article 45).

Members of parliament are required to take an oath of office, there is no provision for an affirmation under the Constitution.

In 2022, the Director General of Police reportedly ordered divisions to send officers to attend local religious services, be they a Catholic mass or Protestant service, as a means of facilitating their work with citizens of good character.⁶ Some members of religious groups saw the move as an attempt to spy on them — accusations the police denied.⁷

Catholic privilege & influence

According to the US State Department,

“the practice of Catholicism and celebration of Catholic holidays continued to play a significant role in the country’s culture, and Catholic traditions were deeply intertwined with many aspects of life, including in government and politics, marriage, family gatherings, social services, and education, among others.”⁸

The Concordat⁹ with the Holy See extends special privileges to the Catholic Church not granted to other religious groups. These include the legal recognition of Church law, the use of public funds to underwrite certain Church expenses, the provision of subsidies to cover the salaries of Church officials, and exclusion from customs duties. The subsidies of one million pesos (approx US$16,000) and half-a-million pesos (approx. US$8,000) are given monthly to the archbishoprics and bishoprics respectively.¹⁰

The government assigns a Catholic priest to every prison and pays their salary. Representatives of non-Catholic groups can access prisons upon request. It is unclear if a humanist chaplain would be afforded the same privilege.¹¹

Non-Catholic religious groups must first register as a non-governmental organization under Law 122-05¹² before receiving such benefits.¹³ Once registered, Non-Catholic religious groups are afforded the same rights as any other nonprofit civil society association. However, the International Center for Law and Religion Studies has pointed out that “[t]he legal structure of the association may or may not reflect the religious group’s internal ecclesiastical structure.”¹⁴ Non-Catholic religious groups may also register as foundations.

According to media reports, in 2024, the State allocated 607.3 million pesos (approx. US$10 million) towards direct aid for religious entities, roughly equating to the amount budgeted for the Ministry of Youth.¹⁵ Just over 399 million pesos (approx. US$6.6 million) was designated for religious groups that have co-management agreements with the education sector. A further 208.2 million pesos (approx. US$3.4 million) was designated as “transfers to non-governmental organizations in the religious area”. It is unclear if a humanist organization would be able to access these funds.

In May 2024, the President, Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona, met with the Pope, among other representatives of the Holy See. The President reportedly recognized the significant contribution of the Catholic Church to the Dominican Republic, particularly in the realm of education.¹⁶

The law provides for government recognition of marriages performed by all religious groups on condition they otherwise comply with related regulations.

Challenges to the Concordat

The legality of the Concordat has been challenged on multiple occasions in recent years.

In 2006, several evangelical ministries registered under Law 122-05 filed a challenge against the constitutionality of the Concordat, however, their petition was rejected by the Supreme Court in 2008.¹⁷ The Court rejected the claim that the Concordat afforded the Catholic Church privileges that violate the principles of non-discrimination enshrined in the Constitution, and indicated that non-Catholic religious groups could access such privileges through other legal mechanisms.

Subsequently, in 2011, a private citizen filed a new challenge, arguing that 21 of the 28 articles of the Concordat violated the Constitution in relation to the principles of sovereignty, separation of powers, constitutional supremacy, the right to equality, and freedom of conscience and belief, among others. However, in 2021, the Constitutional Court declared itself incompetent to hear the case as it related to an international treaty, and therefore not within its remit of laws, decrees, regulations, resolutions, and ordinances.¹⁸

Education and children’s rights

In accordance with the 1954 Concordat, State-run schools offer religious instruction guided by Catholic doctrine. Teaching materials are approved by the Catholic Church. It is possible to opt-out of these classes.

However, while Article 25 of the Law on Education¹⁹ makes it clear that religious education will be of Christian disposition, it does not explicitly state it must be Catholic. Indeed, the law grants children the right to receive moral and religious education in accordance with their religious beliefs through its Comprehensive Human and Religious Education (Formación Integral Humana y Religiosa) curriculum. This education is confessional in nature.²⁰

Private schools may offer religious and/or moral education “in accordance with its pedagogical ideology and always respecting freedom of conscience and the essence of Dominicanness” (Article 24 Law 66-97).

The law itself is currently under review. In March 2024, the Review Commission submitted its initial proposal for changes to the law to be debated by the government. In its proposal, the commission reportedly called for an education system that is based on scientific knowledge and ethics, and guarantees freedom of religion or belief for all, including those who do not hold religious beliefs.²¹

In 2019, the government passed a resolution calling for the enforcement of Law 44-00,²² which requires daily Bible reading and Bible study at least once per week in all public and private schools.²³

Under the 1954 Concordat, the Catholic Church has permission to provide Catholic instruction in public orphanages and “ensure the practise of its precepts” (Article XIX (3)).

Attacks on teaching “Gender ideology” in schools

In June 2024, El Caribe reported that the Ministry of Public Health withdrew a post on social media spreading information about a workshop it had conducted with 30 students in which it hoped to address gender inequality following backlash from members of the public. The picture reportedly showed children around a whiteboard that read, “Men/women are not born, they are made: Social construction of gender and identities.” Subsequent workshops have reportedly been cancelled following the incident.²⁴

According to the report, in December 2022, the Ministry of Education was forced to withdraw Departmental Order 33-2019 – which provided tools that promote the gender perspective for the construction of a non-sexist education – following outcry from the Catholic Church and members of Dominican society.

Family, community and society

Sexual Health and Reproductive Rights

Abortion remains illegal in the country, including in instances where the pregnancy poses a risk to the life of a pregnant woman or girl, in cases of foetal impairments, or where the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest.²⁵

Legislators have debated revising the penal code for decades,²⁶ with religious and conservative pressure groups lobbying hard against any attempts at reform. In 2014, former President Danilo Medina attempted to pass an amendment to the penal code which would allow for the decriminalization of abortion in limited circumstances. After three religious anti-choice groups appealed, the Constitutional Court declared the amendment to be ‘unconstitutional’.²⁷

While President Luis Abinader ran on a platform for the decriminalization of abortion in select circumstances during the 2020 elections, in June 2024, a revised draft Penal Code did not include efforts to change the total ban on abortion. The bill passed its first and second readings before the Dominican Senate.²⁸

Critics of the omission have suggested that it is due to religious influence over policy making.²⁹ In the years between Abinader’s election and the passage of the new Penal Code, representatives of various Churches have made their opposition to the legalization of abortion plain:

• In 2020, a bishop of the Catholic Church reportedly visited the Chamber of Deputies – the lower house of the Dominican government – to emphasize the Church’s opposition to the legalization of abortion.³⁰ During the meeting, the bishop reportedly presented a paper outlining the Church’s position on medical and legal considerations related to the right to life from conception. The bishop urged the government not to open up a debate on this issue that would lead to delays in reform of the Penal Code more generally.
• In March 2021, representatives of Catholic and Evangelical Churches reportedly protested by driving in convoy through the capital to demonstrate their opposition to abortion.³¹
• In July 2024, representatives of the Catholic Church and the Dominican Council of Evangelical Unity re-stated their opposition to abortion.³²

LGBTI+ rights

Although same-sex relations by private individuals are not criminalized, in practice, there are few protections afforded to the LGBTI+ community. A bill to amend the Penal Code in June 2024, did not seek to include sexual orientation and gender identity as characteristics protected from discrimination.

Further, articles contained in the codes of justice for the armed forces and the national police criminalize consensual same-sex conduct by officers, providing penalties of up to one year and two years in prison, respectively. No such criminal penalties exist for heterosexual sexual acts.³³ In 2019, an army officer was dismissed after a video circulated depicting him engaged in a same-sex encounter. The army alleged that he had “tarnished the morals and ethics of the institution.” The Constitutional Court was scheduled to hear a challenge to these provisions in August 2024.³⁴

Freedom of expression, advocacy of humanist values

The right to freedom of expression is guaranteed by law, and generally respected in practice. However, criminal defamation laws remain on the statute books and are enforced.³⁵

Protecting the Catholic Church from insult

Article 262 of the Penal Code provides up to one year in prison for those who:

“with words or gestures, insults a minister of the Catholic religion, when he is exercising the functions of his ministry, or who, in order to mock the rites authorized in the Republic, profanes objects intended for worship, will be punished with a fine of ten to one hundred pesos, and imprisonment of one month to one year.”³⁶

It is unclear if this law is enforced in practice.

Media freedom

According to the Inter-American Press Association’s Chapultepec Index – a barometer that measures the extent of press freedom across the Americas – the Dominican Republic ranked second in the region in 2024.³⁷ According to the Index, “the Dominican Republic maintains a high reputation for the respect for the free exercise of the press.”³⁸

In April 2024, President Abinader put forward a Bill on Freedom of Expression, Audiovisual Media and Digital Platforms that seeks to bridge gaps in current legislation regarding the regulation of new – particularly digital – means of communication, while balancing the right to freedom of expression.³⁹The Bill appears to have been welcomed by the media.

However, Law 1-24 – regulating the National Intelligence System – enacted in January 2024 provoked concern from media outlets and civil society actors.⁴⁰ The outcry led to the government agreeing to amend certain articles in the law in order to help assuage concerns for the protection of their sources, among other concerns.⁴¹

There have been infrequent reports of attacks on members of the media.⁴² In May 2023, Amnesty International reported that prominent investigative journalist Nuria Piera had been “targeted and infected with Pegasus, which enables full and unrestricted access to a device, three times between 2020 and 2021.”⁴³ At the time her phone was infected, Piera reported that she had been investigating reports of corruption related to high-ranking government officials and relatives of the nation’s former president. According to Amnesty,

“Piera stated that she had never received a judicial order or any other formal notifications from the Dominican authorities that she was under surveillance, nor told any of the reasons behind it.
“These invasive tactics can be particularly harmful to women journalists, who often face gender-based attacks, including accusations of having violated traditional social, sexual or moral norms.”

Attacks on human rights defenders

In a context of harsh government policies regarding “irregular migration” and institutional racism, civil society groups have expressed concern regarding an apparent crackdown on human rights defenders providing support to victims of such policies.⁴⁴ Human rights defenders are reportedly experiencing increasing hostility, harassment and violence on the part of those who support these policies.⁴⁵

1. “Dominican Republic: IACHR urges the State to Eradicate Statelessness”, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 29 September 2023, https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/jsForm/?File=/en/iachr/media_center/preleases/2023/232.asp&utm_content=country-dom&utm_term=class-mon; Situation of Human Rights in the Dominican Republic (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 2015), https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/DominicanRepublic-2015.pdf [↩]
2. “Dominican Republic” chapter in 2023 International Religious Freedom (US Department of State, 2024), https://do.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/117/2024/06/547499-DOMINICAN-REPUBLIC-2023-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf [↩]
3. Evangélico Digital, “Evangelicals grow in Dominican Republic”, Evangelical Focus Europe, 27 July 2022, https://evangelicalfocus.com/world/17942/evangelicals-grow-in-dominican-republic [↩]
4. Asamblea Nacional Revisora, Constitución De La República Dominicana, 27 October 2024
   https://www.consultoria.gov.do/Documents/GetDocument?reference=88cd6dd0-268b-4fda-a12a-0f3ae7fcfa7e (in Spanish)[↩]
5. Concordato Entre La Santa Sede y La República Dominicana, 16 June 1954, AAS 46 (1954) 433-457,
   https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19540616_concordato-dominicana_sp.html (In Spanish)[↩]
6. “Libertad religiosa”, El Día, 14 June 2022, https://eldia.com.do/libertad-religiosa/; Marisol Aquino, “Policía instruye a sus miembros participar en cultos de iglesias católicas y evangélicas”, El Diario Libre, 13 June 2022, https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/nacional/2022/06/13/policia-instruye-sus-miembros-participar-en-cultos-religios/1886027 [↩]
7. “Niegan espionaje en iglesias al ordenar a policías participar en misas y cultos”, Acento, 14 June 2022, https://acento.com.do/actualidad/niegan-espionaje-en-iglesias-al-ordenar-a-policias-participar-en-misas-y-cultos-9072276.html [↩]
8. “Dominican Republic” chapter in 2023 International Religious Freedom (US Department of State, 2024), https://do.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/117/2024/06/547499-DOMINICAN-REPUBLIC-2023-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf [↩]
9. Concordato Entre La Santa Sede y La República Dominicana, 16 June 1954, AAS 46 (1954) 433-457,
   https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/secretariat_state/archivio/documents/rc_seg-st_19540616_concordato-dominicana_sp.html (In Spanish)[↩]
10. Tania Molina, “El Concordato, 70 años de múltiples privilegios”, Diario Libre, 20 February 2024, https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/nacional/2024/02/20/concordato-en-rd-70-anos-de-multiples-privilegios/2618487 [↩]
11. “Dominican Republic” chapter in 2023 International Religious Freedom (US Department of State, 2024), https://do.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/117/2024/06/547499-DOMINICAN-REPUBLIC-2023-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf [↩]
12. Congreso Nacional, Ley No. 122-05 sobre regulación y fomento de las asociaciones sin fines de lucro en la República Dominicana, 8 April 2005, https://www2.congreso.gob.pe/sicr/cendocbib/con3_uibd.nsf/1003B96682230263052579A60061E1A0/$FILE/57587104-Ley-122-05-Sobre-Regulacion-y-Fomento-de-Las-Asociaciones-Sin-Fines-de-Lucro-G-O-10318.pdf [↩]
13. “Dominican Republic” chapter in 2023 International Religious Freedom (US Department of State, 2024), https://do.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/117/2024/06/547499-DOMINICAN-REPUBLIC-2023-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf [↩]
14. “Religion in the Dominican Republic”, International Center for Law and Religion Studies, accessed 28 November 2024, https://www.iclrs.org/blurb/religion-in-the-dominican-republic/ [↩]
15. Tania Molina, “El Concordato, 70 años de múltiples privilegios”, Diario Libre, 20 February 2024, https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/nacional/2024/02/20/concordato-en-rd-70-anos-de-multiples-privilegios/2618487 [↩]
16. Miroslava López, “El presidente de República Dominicana visita al papa Francisco”, Vida Nueva, 27 May 2024, https://www.vidanuevadigital.com/2024/05/27/el-presidente-de-republica-dominicana-visita-al-papa-francisco/ [↩]
17. “SCJ rechaza declarar nulo el Concordato”, Diario Libre, 23 October 2008, https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/scj-rechaza-declarar-nulo-el-concordato-BODL174432; “Sentencia Del 22 De Octubre De 2008, Núm. 6,” Poder Judicial de la Republica Dominicana, 22 October 2008, https://transparencia.poderjudicial.gob.do/consultasSCJ/documentos/pdf/BoletinJudicialIndividual/117510006.pdf [↩]
18. “Sentencia TC/0526/21”, Tribunal Constitucional de la República Dominicana, 22 December 2021, https://biblioteca.enj.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/123880/tc-0526-21-tc-01-2011-0002.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed 28 November 2024); Tania Molina, “El Concordato, 70 años de múltiples privilegios”, Diario Libre, 20 February 2024, https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/nacional/2024/02/20/concordato-en-rd-70-anos-de-multiples-privilegios/2618487; Redaccion, “El TC decide en lo adelante no admitir acciones contra tratados internacionales suscriba el país, El Correo, 24 December 2021, https://elcorreo.do/el-tc-decide-en-lo-adelante-no-admitir-acciones-contra-tratados-internacionales/ [↩]
19. Ley General de la Educación, No. 66-97, 4 February 1997, https://www.oas.org/juridico/spanish/mesicic2_repdom_sc_anexo_7_sp.pdf [↩]
20. Rodrigo Martínez, “Modelo de enseñanza religiosa confesional no confesante. ERE interconfesional”, Observatorio de la Religión en la Escuela, 22 April 2024, https://ore.fundacion-sm.org/noticias/modelo-de-ensenanza-religiosa-confesional-no-confesante-ere-interconfesional/ [↩]
21. Yasmin Mercedes, “Propuesta de modificación de Ley de Educación propone inclusión de libertad religiosa en escuelas,” RDÉ, 8 March 2024, https://rdedigital.com/propuesta-de-modificacion-de-ley-de-educacion-propone-inclusion-de-libertad-religiosa-en-escuelas/ [↩]
22. Congreso Nacional, Ley No. 44-00 que establece la lectura e instrucción bíblica en las escuelas públicas, https://biblioteca.enj.org/bitstream/handle/123456789/79924/LE44-2000.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y [↩]
23. “Aprueban ley para leer la Biblia diariamente en las escuelas de República Dominicana”, Bibliatodo, 10 June 2019, https://www.bibliatodo.com/NoticiasCristianas/aprueban-ley-para-leer-la-biblia-diariamente-en-las-escuelas-de-republica-dominicana/[↩]
24. Maria Ramos, “Polémico tema de ideología de género retorna al debate,” el Caribe, 24 June 2024, https://www.elcaribe.com.do/panorama/educacion/polemico-tema-de-ideologia-de-genero-retorna-al-debate/ [↩]
25. Código Penal de la República Dominicana, 2007, https://poderjudicial.gob.do/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Codigo_Penal.pdf [↩]
26. “It’s Your Decision, It’s Your Life”: The Total Criminalization of Abortion in the Dominican Republic (Human Rights Watch, 2018), https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/11/19/its-your-decision-its-your-life/total-criminalization-abortion-dominican-republic[↩]
27. “Urgent Action: Urge Congress to Decriminalize Abortion”, UA: 151/16 Index: AMR 27/6573/2017 Amnesty International, 23 June 2017, https://www.amnesty.org/fr/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AMR2765732017ENGLISH.pdf; Ezequiel Abiu Lopez, “In Dominican Republic, proposal to ease abortion ban polarizes nation”, Reuters, 19 March 2021, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-dominicanrepublic-abortion-idUSKBN2BB1L8[↩]
28. “República Dominicana reafirma la penalización del aborto”, El País, 28 July 2024, https://elpais.com/america/2024-07-28/republica-dominicana-redobla-la-penalizacion-del-aborto.html; Stephanie Lustig, “Dominican Republic’s Senate Doubles Down on Abortion Ban in Criminal Code”, Human Rights Watch, 3 July 2024, https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/07/03/dominican-republics-senate-doubles-down-abortion-ban-criminal-code [↩]
29. José M. Santana, “El aborto en RD: entre el dogma y la muerte”, Acento, 22 July 2024, https://acento.com.do/opinion/el-aborto-en-rd-entre-el-dogma-y-la-muerte-9369075.html [↩]
30. Alina Tufani, “Iglesia dominicana reitera su rechazo a la legalización del aborto”, Vatican News, 1 September 2020, https://www.vaticannews.va/es/iglesia/news/2020-09/republica-dominicana-iglesia-rechazo-aborto.html [↩]
31. EFE, “Las iglesias marchan en caravana en Santo Domingo contra el aborto,” SwissInfo.ch, 27 March 2021, https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/las-iglesias-marchan-en-caravana-en-santo-domingo-contra-el-aborto/46485382 [↩]
32. Víctor Martínez, “Pastoral Católica y Codue rechazan despenalización del aborto en República Dominicana”, El Nacional, 17 July 2024, https://elnacional.com.do/iglesias-ven-causales-serian-negocio-aborto/ [↩]
33. “Dominican Republic: Court Reviews Laws Against Gay Sex”, Human Rights Watch, 30 August 2024, https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/30/dominican-republic-court-reviews-laws-against-gay-sex [↩]
34. Associated Press, “TC delibera sobre leyes antisodomía dirigidas a la policía y al ejército”, Hoy, 1 September 2024, https://hoy.com.do/tc-delibera-sobre-leyes-antisodomia-dirigidas-a-la-policia-y-al-ejercito/ [↩]
35. “Dominican Republic”, International Press Institute Media Laws Database, accessed 29 November 2024, http://legaldb.freemedia.at/legal-database/dominican-republic/[↩]
36. Unofficial translation of: “El que con palabras o ademanes ultrajare a un ministro del culto católico, cuando se halle ejerciendo las funciones de su ministerio, o que para escarnecer los ritos, autorizados en la República, profanare objetos destinados al culto, será castigado con multa de diez a cien pesos, y prisión de un mes a un año.”[↩]
37. “Datos Generales – República Dominicana” in Chapultepec Index on Freedom of Expression and the Press (Inter-American Press Association, 2024), https://www.indicedechapultepec.com/indice/14/graficos_en.pdf (accessed 29 November 2024)[↩]
38. “República Dominicana: Estatus positivo de libertad de expresión” chapter in Chapultepec Index on Freedom of Expression and the Press (Inter-American Press Association, 2024), https://www.indicedechapultepec.com/indice/14/dofa_en.pdf[↩]
39. “Presidente Abinader presenta anteproyecto de Ley de Libertad de Expresión, Medios Audiovisuales y Plataformas Digitales”, Presidencia de la República Dominicana, 8 April 2024, https://presidencia.gob.do/noticias/presidente-abinader-presenta-anteproyecto-de-ley-de-libertad-de-expresion-medios [↩]
40. Inter American Press Association, “IAPA expresses concern about Intelligence Law in The Dominican Republic”, IFEX, 31 January 2024, https://ifex.org/iapa-expresses-concern-about-intelligence-law-in-the-dominican-republic/ [↩]
41. “Gobierno y Comisión acuerdan modificar 5 artículos de la Ley del DNI”, N Digital, 11 September 2024, https://n.com.do/2024/09/11/gobierno-y-comision-acuerdan-modificar-5-articulos-de-la-ley-del-dni/; “República Dominicana: Estatus positivo de libertad de expresión” chapter in Chapultepec Index on Freedom of Expression and the Press (Inter-American Press Association, 2024), https://www.indicedechapultepec.com/indice/14/dofa_en.pdf [↩]
42. “República Dominicana: Estatus positivo de libertad de expresión” chapter in Chapultepec Index on Freedom of Expression and the Press (Inter-American Press Association, 2024), https://www.indicedechapultepec.com/indice/14/dofa_en.pdf [↩]
43. “Dominican Republic: Pegasus spyware discovered on prominent journalist’s phone”, Amnesty International, 2 May 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/05/dominican-republic-pegasus-spyware-journalists-phone/ [↩]
44. “Organizaciones de sociedad civil expresamos preocupación por el agravamiento de la situación de personas defensoras de derechos humanos en República Dominicana”, Amnesty International, 7 November 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/es/latest/news/2024/11/organizaciones-sociedad-civil-expresamos-preocupacion-por-agravamiento-situacion-personas-defensoras-derechos-humanos-republica-dominicana/ [↩]
45. “Organizaciones de sociedad civil expresamos preocupación por el agravamiento de la situación de personas defensoras de derechos humanos en República Dominicana”, Amnesty International, 7 November 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/es/latest/news/2024/11/organizaciones-sociedad-civil-expresamos-preocupacion-por-agravamiento-situacion-personas-defensoras-derechos-humanos-republica-dominicana/; “CIDH condena ataques a personas defensoras en República Dominicana”, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 16 October 2024, https://www.oas.org/pt/CIDH/jsForm/?File=/es/cidh/prensa/comunicados/2024/248.asp&utm_content=country-dom&utm_term=class-mon [↩]