Panama

Last Updated 25 April 2025

Panama is situated on the isthmus connecting Central America and South America. The country obtained its independence from Spain in 1821 and from Colombia in 1903. Panama is a unitary state and a presidential representative democratic republic. It has an elected two-chamber Congress and an elected president acting as head of state. According to the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC), Panama has a population of over 4 million inhabitants as of 2023.1“Comentario de población”, Contraloría General de la Republica, https://www.inec.gob.pa/archivos/P053342420231009161532Comentarios_Poblacion%20RFB%202023%20VF.pdf (accessed 20 February 2025)

Recent estimates (2022) suggest that as much as 65% of the population identifies as Catholic; 22% as evangelical Christian; 6% as non-religious; a further 4% identify as belonging to other religious groups. Such groups include Jews, Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, other Christian denominations, and Indigenous religions.2“Panama” chapter in 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom (U.S. State Department, 2024), https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/panama/

 
Severe Discrimination
Systemic Discrimination
Mostly Satisfactory

Constitution and government

The 1972 Constitution3Ministerio Público, Procuraduría General de la Nación, Constitución Política de la República de Panamá, https://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/constitucion-politica-con-indice-analitico.pdf; “Panama 1972 (rev. 2004)”, Constitute Project, accessed 1 April 2025, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Panama_2004 (in English) does not proclaim an official religion although the preamble includes an invocation to the almighty God.

The Constitution provides for freedom of religion or belief, provided that “Christian morality and public order” are respected, and recognizes that Catholicism is “the religion of the majority” of citizens (Article 35).

Attempts to amend the Constitution to remove the recognition of Catholicism as the religion of the majority of Panamanians and add the word ‘secular’ to Article 1 of the Constitution have thus far been unsuccessful.4“Proponen cambios a las garantías de religión”, La Prensa, 21 February 2012, https://www.prensa.com/impresa/panorama/Proponen-cambios-garantias-religion_0_3325167509.html

Other articles recognize that religious associations have the legal capacity to administer their assets within the limits indicated by the Law (Article 36); and that ministers of religious faiths may only hold public offices that are related to social assistance, education, or scientific research (Article 45).

The Constitution also prohibits the formation of political parties based on sex, race, religion, or any other party that seeks “to destroy the democratic form of government” (Article 139); and it allows public officials, who do not profess religious beliefs, to avoid the invocation to God during the oath when taking office (Article 181).

Article 19 of the Constitution forbids privileges or discrimination based on race, birth, social class, sex, religion, or political ideas. In spite of the above, Catholicism has certain state-sanctioned advantages over other religions.

Religious groups may register with the authorities in order to manage their property, apply for grants or subsidies, and receive clearance for duty-free imports and other tax exemptions. If the National Assembly and the cabinet approve, the government may allot publicly-owned properties to registered religious associations.5 “Panama” chapter in 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom (U.S. State Department, 2024), https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/panama/ 

In addition, the law permits Indigenous tribes to control their lands, and permits individuals to practice religion and maintain cultural traditions without State interference.6 “Panama” chapter in 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom (U.S. State Department, 2024), https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/panama/

Education and children’s rights

According to Article 94 of the Constitution:

“Freedom of education is guaranteed, and the right to create private schools, subject to law, is recognized. The State has the power to intervene in the teachings of private educational establishments in order that national and social purposes of the culture, as well as the intellectual, moral, civic, and physical formation of students, be fulfilled.

[…]

“Educational institutions, whether public or private, are open to all students without distinction of race, social position, political ideology, religion, or the nature of the relationship of the student’s parents or guardians.”

Meanwhile, Article 107 states:

“The Catholic religion shall be taught in public schools, but, upon the requests of parents or guardians, certain students shall not be obliged to attend religion classes, nor to participate in religious services.”

Ahead of the 2020 update to the Panama entry, Humanists International reviewed a curriculum published online by the National Directorate of Basic Education of the Ministry of Education detailing the contents of the ‘Religion, Morals and Values’ class taught to students in the 7-9 grades. These documents — no longer available online — indicated that the class was structured around the ten commandments, and included assignments, such as “to identify the religious symbols of Christian marriages in accordance with biblical passages”. Little information regarding other religious beliefs is taught. Humanists International has been unable to obtain more recent curriculum documents; as such, it remains unclear whether the unavailability of the 2020 curriculum is indicative of a change in policy regarding religious education.

Sex education

Despite the Catholic Church’s and other religious groups’ long-held opposition to the teaching of sex education in schools,7“Proyecto 61 ‘es fundamental’”, La Prensa, 6 July 2016, https://www.prensa.com/locales/Proyecto-fundamental_0_4522047899.html; Sheila “No cualquier información es educación sexual”, AHF Panamá, 3 November 2022, https://pruebasvihpanama.org/no-cualquier-informacion-es-educacion-sexual/ on 31 May 2022, Law 302 was passed.8Asamblea Nacional, Ley 302 que establece el Programa de Formación en Materia de Educación en Sexualidad y Afectividad, 31 May 2022, Gaceta Oficial No. 29548-A, https://s3-legispan.asamblea.gob.pa/legispan/NORMAS/2020/2022/LEY/Administrador%20Legispan_29548-A_2022_5_31_ASAMBLEA%20NACIONAL_304.pdf; Ministerio de Educacion, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 54, 9 October 2023, Gaceta Oficial, No. 29920-B, https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/29920_B/GacetaNo_29920b_20231130.pdf The law provides for the teaching of sexuality education in all official and private centers, shelters, health centers, foster homes, and juvenile penitentiary centers.9“Panama already has a law on sexual education”, La Prensa, 23 November 2022, https://www.prensa.com/opinion/panama-ya-tiene-ley-de-educacion-sexual/

According to the law, teaching is to be strictly scientific, with a focus on teaching basic topics such as: knowing and respecting one’s body, respecting the bodies of others, the consequences of early pregnancy and how to prevent it, sexually transmitted infections and how to prevent them, identifying a sexual crime and knowing how to report it. Parents should be notified of the topics to be covered and the dates of the same.

Family, community and society

LGBTI+ rights

While homosexuality was legalized in 2008, homosexuality is still considered a “grave misconduct” under Article 133(12) of Executive Decree No. 204 (1997), according to ILGA World — the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association.10“Panama”, ILGA World Database, accessed 28 February 2025, https://database.ilga.org/panama-lgbti

Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is not prohibited. Members of the LGBTI+ community face harassment, including in the media.11“Activistas LGTBI denuncian hostigamiento en medios de comunicación de Panamá pese avance”, SwissInfo.Ch, 26 June 2023, https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/activistas-lgtbi-denuncian-hostigamiento-en-medios-de-comunicaci%c3%b3n-de-panam%c3%a1-pese-avance/48621292

Article 26 of the Family Code12Asamblea Legislativa, Ley No. 3 por la cual Se Aprueba El Código De La Familia, 17 May 1994, https://www.organojudicial.gob.pa/uploads/wp_repo/uploads/2016/11/C%C3%B3digo-de-la-Familia1.pdf defines marriage as a voluntary union between a man and a woman.

In February 2023, the Supreme Court of Justice issued its ruling concerning a constitutional challenge against provisions of the Family Code and Law No 61 (2015)13Asamblea Nacional, Ley No. 61 Que Subroga La Ley 7 De 2014, Que Adopta El Código De Derecho Internacional Privado De La República De Panamá, 8 October 2015, https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/27885_A/GacetaNo_27885a_20151008.pdf that define marriage as between a “man and a woman” and explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage. The Court held that the articles were “objectively and reasonably justified” because they give “precedence to those unions with the potential to establish families (in their original conception), give continuity to the human species, and, therefore, to society.” Furthermore, the Court stated that the “differential treatment” was based on the immanent purpose of the classical marriage institution and “not on the sexual propensities of individuals”.14Supreme Court of Panama, Ruling No. 1042-16 (2023), 16 February 2023, https://database.ilga.org/api/downloader/download/1/PA%20-%20JUD%20-%20SC%20-%20Ruling%20No.%201042-16%20SSU%20(2023)%20-%20OR-OFF(es).pdf (accessed 28 February 2025) A challenge to this ruling is reported to have been submitted to the Inter-American Court on Human Rights.15Cristian González Cabrera, “Bittersweet Pride Month in Panama”, Human Rights Watch, 23 June 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/06/23/bittersweet-pride-month-panama

Abortion

Abortion is legal in three circumstances: (1) serious health concerns that put the mother’s life at risk; (2) deformities and malformations of the fetus; and (3) rape. Abortions conducted outside of these circumstances can lead to prison sentences ranging from three to 10 years for those involved (Articles 141-144 of the Penal Code).16Procuraduría General de la Nación, Texto Único del Código Penal de la República de Panamá, 2016, https://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/codigo-penal-2016.pdf

Freedom of expression, advocacy of humanist values

Freedom of expression is guaranteed by the Constitution, however, some challenges exist in practice particularly in the realm of media freedom.

Media freedom

The government has been accused of creating a hostile environment for independent media. According to Reporters Without Borders, journalists covering corruption can face prosecution, often on accusations of defamation. Self-censorship is reported to be becoming an increasingly common phenomenon.17“Panama”, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/panama (accessed 14 April 2025)

In November 2024, President Mulino affirmed his commitment to freedom of expression and the press by signing the Chapultepec and Salta II declarations — regional declarations that promote press freedom. The president of the Supreme Court subsequently signed them in January 2025 before the president of the Inter-American Press Association.18“El Supremo panameño firma declaraciones a favor de la libertad de prensa ante la SIP”, Swissinfo.ch, 31 January 2025, https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/el-supremo-paname%C3%B1o-firma-declaraciones-a-favor-de-la-libertad-de-prensa-ante-la-sip/88810510 (accessed 14 April 2025)

Freedoms of Assembly and Association

Charities and non-governmental organisations are reported to operate relatively freely. Charities tend to focus on service delivery, such as healthcare or education. However, activist groups are reported to be becoming more commonplace.19 “PANAMA: ‘We’ll have to stay vigilant and resist any attempt to curtail rights and freedoms’”, CIVICUS, 28 May 2024, https://www.civicus.org/index.php/media-resources/news/interviews/7053-panama-well-have-to-stay-vigilant-and-resist-any-attempt-to-curtail-rights-and-freedoms Activists focused on environmental rights and indigenous rights are reported to face harassment and intimidation at the hands of private companies, including through legal prosecution.20 “Panama” chapter in Freedom in the World 2024 (Freedom House, 2024), https://freedomhouse.org/country/panama/freedom-world/2024

Freedom of Assembly is generally respected, and peaceful demonstrations are commonplace. However, certain types of protest, such as the placement of road blocks, are reported to often result in arrests and altercations with the police.21 “Panama” chapter in Freedom in the World 2024 (Freedom House, 2024), https://freedomhouse.org/country/panama/freedom-world/2024

In 2023 widespread protests took place relating to the State’s decision to grant a 20-year copper mining concession that would likely have harmful effects on the environment.22“Panama: Widespread protests against the biggest copper mining concession”, CIVICUS Monitor, 31 October 2023, https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/panama-widespread-protests-against-the-biggest-copper-mining-concession/ Demonstrators blocked major roads, and authorities were reported to have clashed with protestors on several occasions. In addition, two protestors were shot dead by a member of the public trying to remove a road block.23“Human rights violations during anti-mining protests”, CIVICUS Monitor, 6 February 2024, https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/human-rights-violations-during-anti-mining-protests/

According to the Office of the Ombudsman, the protests were largely peaceful; however, certain regions saw violence, including attacks on public and private property, which escalated tensions. The use of tear gas and other non-lethal force by police resulted in over 100 injuries.24 Eduardo Leblanc González, Informe Defensorial Rechazo Contrato Minero, Defensoría del Pueblo, República de Panamá, 14 December 2023, https://defensoria.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/Informe-Defensorial-Rechazo-Contrato-Minero.pdf#page=9

On 9 November 2023, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and its Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression urged Panama authorities to respect peaceful assembly, association and expression freedoms amid ongoing protests.25 IACHR Press Office, “The IACHR and Its Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression Call on the State of Panama to Protect the Right to Peaceful Protest”, Press release No. 261/23, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 9 November 2023, https://www.oas.org/fr/CIDH/jsForm/?File=/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2023/261.asp

References

References
1 “Comentario de población”, Contraloría General de la Republica, https://www.inec.gob.pa/archivos/P053342420231009161532Comentarios_Poblacion%20RFB%202023%20VF.pdf (accessed 20 February 2025)
2 “Panama” chapter in 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom (U.S. State Department, 2024), https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/panama/
3 Ministerio Público, Procuraduría General de la Nación, Constitución Política de la República de Panamá, https://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/constitucion-politica-con-indice-analitico.pdf; “Panama 1972 (rev. 2004)”, Constitute Project, accessed 1 April 2025, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Panama_2004 (in English)
4 “Proponen cambios a las garantías de religión”, La Prensa, 21 February 2012, https://www.prensa.com/impresa/panorama/Proponen-cambios-garantias-religion_0_3325167509.html
5 “Panama” chapter in 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom (U.S. State Department, 2024), https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/panama/ 
6 “Panama” chapter in 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom (U.S. State Department, 2024), https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/panama/
7 “Proyecto 61 ‘es fundamental’”, La Prensa, 6 July 2016, https://www.prensa.com/locales/Proyecto-fundamental_0_4522047899.html; Sheila “No cualquier información es educación sexual”, AHF Panamá, 3 November 2022, https://pruebasvihpanama.org/no-cualquier-informacion-es-educacion-sexual/
8 Asamblea Nacional, Ley 302 que establece el Programa de Formación en Materia de Educación en Sexualidad y Afectividad, 31 May 2022, Gaceta Oficial No. 29548-A, https://s3-legispan.asamblea.gob.pa/legispan/NORMAS/2020/2022/LEY/Administrador%20Legispan_29548-A_2022_5_31_ASAMBLEA%20NACIONAL_304.pdf; Ministerio de Educacion, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 54, 9 October 2023, Gaceta Oficial, No. 29920-B, https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/29920_B/GacetaNo_29920b_20231130.pdf
9 “Panama already has a law on sexual education”, La Prensa, 23 November 2022, https://www.prensa.com/opinion/panama-ya-tiene-ley-de-educacion-sexual/
10 “Panama”, ILGA World Database, accessed 28 February 2025, https://database.ilga.org/panama-lgbti
11 “Activistas LGTBI denuncian hostigamiento en medios de comunicación de Panamá pese avance”, SwissInfo.Ch, 26 June 2023, https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/activistas-lgtbi-denuncian-hostigamiento-en-medios-de-comunicaci%c3%b3n-de-panam%c3%a1-pese-avance/48621292
12 Asamblea Legislativa, Ley No. 3 por la cual Se Aprueba El Código De La Familia, 17 May 1994, https://www.organojudicial.gob.pa/uploads/wp_repo/uploads/2016/11/C%C3%B3digo-de-la-Familia1.pdf
13 Asamblea Nacional, Ley No. 61 Que Subroga La Ley 7 De 2014, Que Adopta El Código De Derecho Internacional Privado De La República De Panamá, 8 October 2015, https://www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/27885_A/GacetaNo_27885a_20151008.pdf
14 Supreme Court of Panama, Ruling No. 1042-16 (2023), 16 February 2023, https://database.ilga.org/api/downloader/download/1/PA%20-%20JUD%20-%20SC%20-%20Ruling%20No.%201042-16%20SSU%20(2023)%20-%20OR-OFF(es).pdf (accessed 28 February 2025)
15 Cristian González Cabrera, “Bittersweet Pride Month in Panama”, Human Rights Watch, 23 June 2023, https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/06/23/bittersweet-pride-month-panama
16 Procuraduría General de la Nación, Texto Único del Código Penal de la República de Panamá, 2016, https://ministeriopublico.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/codigo-penal-2016.pdf
17 “Panama”, Reporters Without Borders, https://rsf.org/en/country/panama (accessed 14 April 2025)
18 “El Supremo panameño firma declaraciones a favor de la libertad de prensa ante la SIP”, Swissinfo.ch, 31 January 2025, https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/el-supremo-paname%C3%B1o-firma-declaraciones-a-favor-de-la-libertad-de-prensa-ante-la-sip/88810510 (accessed 14 April 2025)
19 “PANAMA: ‘We’ll have to stay vigilant and resist any attempt to curtail rights and freedoms’”, CIVICUS, 28 May 2024, https://www.civicus.org/index.php/media-resources/news/interviews/7053-panama-well-have-to-stay-vigilant-and-resist-any-attempt-to-curtail-rights-and-freedoms
20, 21 “Panama” chapter in Freedom in the World 2024 (Freedom House, 2024), https://freedomhouse.org/country/panama/freedom-world/2024
22 “Panama: Widespread protests against the biggest copper mining concession”, CIVICUS Monitor, 31 October 2023, https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/panama-widespread-protests-against-the-biggest-copper-mining-concession/
23 “Human rights violations during anti-mining protests”, CIVICUS Monitor, 6 February 2024, https://monitor.civicus.org/explore/human-rights-violations-during-anti-mining-protests/
24 Eduardo Leblanc González, Informe Defensorial Rechazo Contrato Minero, Defensoría del Pueblo, República de Panamá, 14 December 2023, https://defensoria.gob.pa/wp-content/uploads/Informe-Defensorial-Rechazo-Contrato-Minero.pdf#page=9
25 IACHR Press Office, “The IACHR and Its Special Rapporteurship for Freedom of Expression Call on the State of Panama to Protect the Right to Peaceful Protest”, Press release No. 261/23, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 9 November 2023, https://www.oas.org/fr/CIDH/jsForm/?File=/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2023/261.asp

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