Viet Nam
The Communist Party of Viet Nam (CPV) is the sole political party within the country. Ruling the country for almost 50 years, the CPV severely punishes anyone who seeks to undermine its monopoly on power. Under the CPV, there has been a history of systematic denial, in practice, of rights to freedom of religion or belief, freedom of expression and freedom of association and assembly.1“Universal Periodic Review – Viet Nam”, Human Rights Council, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, accessed 12 March 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/upr/vn-index
According to the 2019 national census,2General Statistics Office, Completed Results of the 2019 Population and Housing Census (Statistical Publishing House, 2019), 210, https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf 86% of the population are non-religious. However, the US State Department reports that “many religious adherents choose not to make their religious affiliation public for fear of adverse consequences, resulting in substantial discrepancies among various estimates.”3“Vietnam” chapter in 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, 12 May 2021, https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/
Based on the available data, Roman Catholics represent the largest religious group, accounting for 6.1% of the population, with Buddhists accounting for 4%, and Protestants 1%. Smaller populations of religious groups such as Hindus (mostly ethnic Cham in the south-central coastal area), Muslims scattered throughout the country (approximately 40% are Sunnis; the remaining 60% practice Bani Islam), Baha’is, Mormons, and other groups following syncretic religions established in Viet Nam – such as Cao Đài, Đạo Tứ n Hiếu nghĩa, and Hòa Hảo Buddhists – make up the remainder of the religious demography.4 General Statistics Office, Completed Results of the 2019 Population and Housing Census (Statistical Publishing House, 2019), 210, https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf
| Constitution and government | Education and children’s rights | Family, community, society, religious courts and tribunals | Freedom of expression advocacy of humanist values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Grave Violations |
| Severe Discrimination |
| Systemic Discrimination |
| Mostly Satisfactory |
| No Rating |
Constitution and government
Key articles from the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam5 “Vietnam’s Constitution of 1992 with amendments through 2013”, Constitute Project, last updated 27 April 2022, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam_2013.pdf?lang=en provide the protection of the right to freedom of religion or belief, in theory.
Article 24:
“1. Every one shall enjoy freedom of belief and of religion; he can follow any religion or follow none. All religions are equal before the law
2. The State respects and protects freedom of belief and of religion.
3. No one has the right to infringe on the freedom of belief and religion or to take advantage of belief and religion to violate the laws.”
Whilst Article 25 provides protection for the rights to free expression, assembly and association:
“The citizen shall enjoy the right to freedom of opinion and speech, freedom of the press, to access to information, to assemble, form associations and hold demonstrations. The practice of these rights shall be provided by the law.”
Article 40 protects cultural rights (i.e. those rights articulated in Article 15 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights):
“Every one has the right to carry out scientific and industrial research, engage in literary and artistic creation, and enjoy benefits from those activities.”
Despite these Constitutional protections, severe restrictions exist in policy and practice. For instance, when read together, Articles 14 and 15 indicate that citizens’ human rights may be restricted when they impinge on “national interests,” such as “national defence, national security, social order and security, social morality, and the health of the community.” Article 44 emphasizes this point:
“The citizen must show loyalty to his Fatherland. To betray one’s Fatherland is the most serious crime.”
Emphasis on the country’s policy of national unity and harmony often conflicts with the exercise of individuals’ rights. In practice, those who are perceived to “betray” Viet Nam – such as writers, journalists, human rights defenders, members of religious groups, among others – face heavy sanctions that fall both within and outside of the law (for more information, see ‘Freedom of Expression’ section below).
Regulation of religious groups
While the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam publicly presents itself as welcoming and supportive of the rights of the religious and non-religious,6“Spokeswoman: Vietnam always respects policy on freedom of religion and belief”, NhanDan, 13 May 2021, https://en.nhandan.vn/spokeswoman-vietnam-always-respects-policy-on-freedom-of-religion-and-belief-post97822.html; these claims do not stand up to close scrutiny.
The State officially recognizes at least 36 religious organizations, but reportedly admitted that it has not officially recognized about 140 religious groups with approximately 1 million followers.7“Viet Nam” chapter in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/; “Viet Nam” chapter in World Report 2024, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/vietnam
According to Human Rights Watch:8“Vietnam: Crackdown on Rights”, Human Rights Watch, 14 January 2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/14/vietnam-crackdown-rights
“The Vietnamese authorities ban religious activities that they arbitrarily deem to be contrary to “national interest,” “public order,” or “national unity.” Followers of unapproved religious groups are criticized, forced to renounce their faith, detained, interrogated, tortured, and imprisoned.”
Further, according to the World Report 2024:9Viet Nam” chapter in World Report 2024, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/vietnam
“Police monitor, harass, and sometimes violently crack down on religious groups operating outside government-controlled institutions. Unrecognized religious groups, including Cao Dai, Hoa Hao, Christian, and Buddhist groups, face constant surveillance, harassment, and intimidation. Followers of independent religious group are subject to public criticism, forced renunciation of faith, detention, interrogation, torture, and imprisonment.”
In 2018, the Law on Belief and Religion (Decree No. 162/2017/ND-CP)10 “Law on Belief and Religion”, Luat Vietnam, accessed 12 March 2024, https://english.luatvietnam.vn/law-no-02-2016-qh14-dated-november-18-2016-of-the-national-assembly-on-belief-and-religion-111021-doc1.html; Nguyen Thi Dinh, “Religious activities involving foreign elements under law on belief and religion”, Vietnam Law and Legal Forum, 5 November 2019, https://vietnamlawmagazine.vn/religious-activities-involving-foreign-elements-under-law-on-belief-and-religion-16696.html entered into force. The law was introduced in order to address inadequacies of previous laws to protect the right to freedom of religion or belief as enshrined in the Constitution. Certain provisions contained within it are deemed to represent progress in this regard; namely the recognition of registered religious groups as legal entities, as well as the recognition of “detainees’ rights to use holy books and to express their religious faith (Article 6), reducing the waiting period for religious groups to apply for recognition from 23 years to five years (Article 21), and the rights of religious organizations to participate in education, vocational training, healthcare, and social services under the relevant regulations (Article 55).”11 Vietnam Human Rights Network, Report on Human Rights in Vietnam 2020-2021, 47, https://www.vietnamhumanrights.net/english/documents/Report_2020_2021_net.pdf
Whilst the law specifies that recognized religious organizations and their affiliates are noncommercial legal entities, and that they are allowed to conduct educational, health, social protection, charitable, and humanitarian activities in accordance with relevant laws, it fails to provide clarity around which specific activities are permissible.12“Viet Nam” chapter in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/
The law states that individuals “may not use the right of belief and religious freedom to undermine peace, national independence, and unification; incite violence or propagate wars; proselytize in contravention of the state’s laws and policies; divide people, nationalities, or religions; cause public disorder; infringe upon the life, health, dignity, honor or property of others; impede the exercise of civic rights and performance of civic obligations; or conduct “superstitious activities” or otherwise violate the law.”13“Viet Nam” chapter in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/
Certain religious activities do not need advance approval but instead require notification to the appropriate authorities. These include, but are not limited to: recurring or periodic “belief festivals;” conducting fundraising activities; the repair or renovation of religious facilities not considered cultural-historical relics; ordination, appointment, assignment, or dismissal of religious clergy (such as monks); routine religious activities (defined as “religious preaching, practicing religious tenets and rites, and management of a religious organization”); and internal conferences of a religious organization.14“Viet Nam” chapter in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/
Under Article 40 of the Criminal Code,15“Criminal Code No. 100/2015/QH13 of November 27, 2015”, World Intellectual Property Organization, accessed 12 March 2024, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/17225 the death penalty is permissible for “extremely serious crimes that infringe national security, human life, drug-related crimes, corruption-related crimes, and some other extremely serious crimes defined by this Code.”
The Criminal Code (as revised in 2015), establishes penalties for vaguely defined offenses, such as sowing “division between religious believers and nonbelievers” (Article 116(d), Chapter XIII ‘Offences against National Security’). The government continues to limit the organized activities of independent religious groups and of individuals who are regarded as a threat to Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) authority.16 “Vietnam’s Proposed Revisions to National Security Laws”, Human Rights Watch, 19 November 2015, https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/11/19/vietnams-proposed-revisions-national-security-laws
Additionally, Article 331 of the Criminal Code criminalizes “Abusing democratic freedoms to infringe upon the interests of the State, lawful rights and interests of organizations and/or citizens,” stating:
“1. Any person who abuses the freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, freedom of association, and other democratic freedoms to infringe upon the interests of the State, lawful rights and interests of organizations and/or citizens shall receive a warning or face a penalty of up to 03 years’ community sentence or 06 – 36 months’ imprisonment.
2. If the offence has a negative impact on social security, order, or safety, the offender shall face a penalty of 02 – 07 years’ imprisonment.”
Education and children’s rights
The government does not permit religious instruction in public or private schools; but nor is atheism taught officially. The Law on Belief and Religion permits religious organizations to operate private schools, and provides the basis for regulating this.17“Viet Nam” chapter in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ Religious education may not be conducted in private schools operated by religious organizations.18“Viet Nam” chapter in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/
Sex education
According to Human Rights Watch, “Vietnam’s sex education policies and practices fall short of international standards and do not include discussion of sexual orientation and gender identity.“19“Submission by Human Rights Watch to the Committee on the Rights of the Child Concerning Vietnam”, Human Rights Watch, 10 March 2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/10/submission-human-rights-watch-committee-rights-child-concerning-vietnam Until recently, abstinence reportedly formed the basis of sex education.20Sen Nguyen, “The millennials changing the face of sex education in Vietnam”, Al Jazeera, 9 May 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/5/9/the-millennials-changing-the-face-of-sex-education-in-vietnam The government is now reported to be in the process of implementing Comprehensive Sexuality Education into the curriculum.21 “Training of Trainers on Comprehensive sexuality and life skills education”, UNFPA Vietnam, 18 July 2022, https://vietnam.unfpa.org/en/news/training-trainers-comprehensive-sexuality-and-life-skills-education; “Introducing Comprehensive Sexuality Education in Vietnam”, HealthBridge, 2 February 2023, https://healthbridge.ca/impact-stories/introducing-comprehensive-sexuality-education-in-vietnam
Violent discipline
According to Human Rights Watch:
“Violence against children, including sexual abuse, is a serious problem in Vietnam, including at home and in schools. Numerous media reports have described cases of guardians, teachers, or government caregivers engaging in sexual abuse and physically beating children.”22“Viet Nam” chapter in World Report 2024, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/vietnam; UNICEF, “Violent discipline, sexual abuse and homicides stalk millions of children worldwide“, UNICEF, 1 November 2017, https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/press-releases/violent-discipline-sexual-abuse-and-homicides-stalk-millions-children-worldwide
Family, community and society
According to Freedom House:
“[m]embers of ethnic and religious minority groups face societal discrimination, and some local officials restrict their access to schooling and jobs. They also sometimes encounter harassment by authorities seeking to suppress dissent and suspected links to exile groups.”23Vietnam” chapter in Freedom in the World 2023, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-world/2023
In its 2022 International Religious Freedom Report, the US State Department noted that:24“Viet Nam” chapter in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/
“Most representatives of religious groups continued to report anecdotally that adherence to a registered religious group generally did not seriously disadvantage individuals in nongovernmental, civil, economic, and secular life, but that adherence to an unregistered group was disadvantageous. Religious leaders said that religious belief itself did not lead to official discrimination, but rather it was the implication of being affiliated with any type of extralegal group that could attract additional scrutiny from authorities.“
LGBTI+ rights
Although the government repealed legislation banning same-sex marriage in 2015, it has yet to grant such unions with legal recognition.25“LGBT rights in Vietnam”, Equaldex, accessed 12 March 2024, https://www.equaldex.com/region/vietnam In 2022, the Vietnamese Health Ministry reportedly declared that being gay or transgender is not a disease.26“Vietnam” chapter in Freedom in the World 2023, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-world/2023
Freedom of expression, advocacy of humanist values
According to Amnesty International, in 2022:
“A crackdown on both online and offline dissent raised concerns about a new wave of repression against civil society. Independent journalists, activists, religious practitioners and other government critics were arrested and charged under repressive laws. Human rights defenders were subjected to widespread harassment, digital surveillance, arbitrary arrest and politically motivated prosecution. Torture and other ill-treatment continued to be reported at an alarming rate.”27 “Vietnam” chapter in Amnesty International Report 2022/2023, Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/viet-nam/report-viet-nam/
Laws protecting national security are the principal means of suppressing dissent, including Articles 331 and 117 of the Criminal Code.28Vietnam” chapter in Amnesty International Report 2022/2023, Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/viet-nam/report-viet-nam/
The authorities maintain strict control of media, publications, and the internet. Independent or privately-owned media outlets are prohibited. The government monitors the internet, blocking access to websites, closing down blogs, and requiring internet service providers to remove content it deems politically unacceptable.29 “Viet Nam” chapter in World Report 2024, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/vietnam; “Vietnam” chapter in Amnesty International Report 2022/2023, Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/viet-nam/report-viet-nam/; “Vietnam: Convictions for social media use part of intensifying assault on internet freedom”, ARTICLE 19, 5 May 2021, https://www.article19.org/resources/vietnam-convictions-for-social-media-use/; “Vietnam: Withdraw Problematic Cyber Security Law”, Human Rights Watch, 7 June 2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/07/vietnam-withdraw-problematic-cyber-security-law; Koh Ewe, “Vietnam Cites Child Safety in Calls for Greater Social Media Censorship Used to Stifle Dissent”, Time, 12 October 2023, https://time.com/6322914/vietnam-tiktok-social-media-censorship-child-safety/; “Viet Nam: Let us breathe! Censorship and criminalization of online expression in Viet Nam”, Amnesty International, 30 November 2020, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa41/3243/2020/en/ By law, all materials must be submitted to the authorities prior to publication, this includes films.30Silvia Wong, “How the Vietnam film industry is booming even in the face of censorship”, Screen Daily, 8 September 2023, https://www.screendaily.com/features/how-the-vietnam-film-industry-is-booming-even-in-the-face-of-censorship/5185618.article; Minh Tran, “Vietnam’s Censoring of ‘Barbie’ Is a Reflection of the Party’s Paranoia”, The Diplomat, 15 July 2023, https://thediplomat.com/2023/07/vietnams-censoring-of-barbie-is-a-reflection-of-the-partys-paranoia/; “Incidents Against Freedom of Publication in 2018-2019: How Vietnam Continues to Violate Its Constitutional and International Obligations”, The 88 Project, 2 October 2019, https://the88project.org/incidents-against-freedom-of-publication-in-2018-2019-how-vietnam-continues-to-violate-its-constitutional-and-international-obligations/
Freedoms of association and assembly
Freedoms of association and assembly are tightly restricted. Organizations must apply for official permission to assemble. Human rights groups report that the police routinely use excessive force to disperse unauthorized demonstrations.31“Vietnam” chapter in Freedom in the World 2023, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-world/2023
A small but active community of nongovernmental groups promotes environmental conservation, land rights, women’s development, and public health. However, human rights organizations are generally banned, and those who engage in any advocacy that the authorities perceive as hostile risk imprisonment.32Vietnam” chapter in Freedom in the World 2023, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-world/2023
In August 2022, the authorities introduced Decree 58 to regulate foreign NGOs. Regulations on the organization, operation and management of domestic NGOs were also drafted. According to Amnesty International, “[b]oth sets of regulations would allow for the termination of NGOs on vague grounds, such as the protection of “national interest” and “social order”, providing the authorities with almost indefinite scope to silence their critics and those engaging in non-approved activities.”33 “Vietnam” chapter in Amnesty International Report 2022/2023, Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/viet-nam/report-viet-nam/
References
| ↑1 | “Universal Periodic Review – Viet Nam”, Human Rights Council, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, accessed 12 March 2024, https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/upr/vn-index |
|---|---|
| ↑2 | General Statistics Office, Completed Results of the 2019 Population and Housing Census (Statistical Publishing House, 2019), 210, https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf |
| ↑3 | “Vietnam” chapter in 2020 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, 12 May 2021, https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |
| ↑4 | General Statistics Office, Completed Results of the 2019 Population and Housing Census (Statistical Publishing House, 2019), 210, https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf |
| ↑5 | “Vietnam’s Constitution of 1992 with amendments through 2013”, Constitute Project, last updated 27 April 2022, https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam_2013.pdf?lang=en |
| ↑6 | “Spokeswoman: Vietnam always respects policy on freedom of religion and belief”, NhanDan, 13 May 2021, https://en.nhandan.vn/spokeswoman-vietnam-always-respects-policy-on-freedom-of-religion-and-belief-post97822.html; |
| ↑7 | “Viet Nam” chapter in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/; “Viet Nam” chapter in World Report 2024, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/vietnam |
| ↑8 | “Vietnam: Crackdown on Rights”, Human Rights Watch, 14 January 2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/14/vietnam-crackdown-rights |
| ↑9 | Viet Nam” chapter in World Report 2024, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/vietnam |
| ↑10 | “Law on Belief and Religion”, Luat Vietnam, accessed 12 March 2024, https://english.luatvietnam.vn/law-no-02-2016-qh14-dated-november-18-2016-of-the-national-assembly-on-belief-and-religion-111021-doc1.html; Nguyen Thi Dinh, “Religious activities involving foreign elements under law on belief and religion”, Vietnam Law and Legal Forum, 5 November 2019, https://vietnamlawmagazine.vn/religious-activities-involving-foreign-elements-under-law-on-belief-and-religion-16696.html |
| ↑11 | Vietnam Human Rights Network, Report on Human Rights in Vietnam 2020-2021, 47, https://www.vietnamhumanrights.net/english/documents/Report_2020_2021_net.pdf |
| ↑12 | “Viet Nam” chapter in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |
| ↑13, ↑14, ↑18, ↑24 | “Viet Nam” chapter in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |
| ↑15 | “Criminal Code No. 100/2015/QH13 of November 27, 2015”, World Intellectual Property Organization, accessed 12 March 2024, https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/legislation/details/17225 |
| ↑16 | “Vietnam’s Proposed Revisions to National Security Laws”, Human Rights Watch, 19 November 2015, https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/11/19/vietnams-proposed-revisions-national-security-laws |
| ↑17 | “Viet Nam” chapter in 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom, Office of International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |
| ↑19 | “Submission by Human Rights Watch to the Committee on the Rights of the Child Concerning Vietnam”, Human Rights Watch, 10 March 2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/10/submission-human-rights-watch-committee-rights-child-concerning-vietnam |
| ↑20 | Sen Nguyen, “The millennials changing the face of sex education in Vietnam”, Al Jazeera, 9 May 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/5/9/the-millennials-changing-the-face-of-sex-education-in-vietnam |
| ↑21 | “Training of Trainers on Comprehensive sexuality and life skills education”, UNFPA Vietnam, 18 July 2022, https://vietnam.unfpa.org/en/news/training-trainers-comprehensive-sexuality-and-life-skills-education; “Introducing Comprehensive Sexuality Education in Vietnam”, HealthBridge, 2 February 2023, https://healthbridge.ca/impact-stories/introducing-comprehensive-sexuality-education-in-vietnam |
| ↑22 | “Viet Nam” chapter in World Report 2024, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/vietnam; UNICEF, “Violent discipline, sexual abuse and homicides stalk millions of children worldwide“, UNICEF, 1 November 2017, https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/press-releases/violent-discipline-sexual-abuse-and-homicides-stalk-millions-children-worldwide |
| ↑23, ↑32 | Vietnam” chapter in Freedom in the World 2023, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-world/2023 |
| ↑25 | “LGBT rights in Vietnam”, Equaldex, accessed 12 March 2024, https://www.equaldex.com/region/vietnam |
| ↑26, ↑31 | “Vietnam” chapter in Freedom in the World 2023, Freedom House, https://freedomhouse.org/country/vietnam/freedom-world/2023 |
| ↑27, ↑33 | “Vietnam” chapter in Amnesty International Report 2022/2023, Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/viet-nam/report-viet-nam/ |
| ↑28 | Vietnam” chapter in Amnesty International Report 2022/2023, Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/viet-nam/report-viet-nam/ |
| ↑29 | “Viet Nam” chapter in World Report 2024, Human Rights Watch, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/vietnam; “Vietnam” chapter in Amnesty International Report 2022/2023, Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-east-asia-and-the-pacific/viet-nam/report-viet-nam/; “Vietnam: Convictions for social media use part of intensifying assault on internet freedom”, ARTICLE 19, 5 May 2021, https://www.article19.org/resources/vietnam-convictions-for-social-media-use/; “Vietnam: Withdraw Problematic Cyber Security Law”, Human Rights Watch, 7 June 2018, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/07/vietnam-withdraw-problematic-cyber-security-law; Koh Ewe, “Vietnam Cites Child Safety in Calls for Greater Social Media Censorship Used to Stifle Dissent”, Time, 12 October 2023, https://time.com/6322914/vietnam-tiktok-social-media-censorship-child-safety/; “Viet Nam: Let us breathe! Censorship and criminalization of online expression in Viet Nam”, Amnesty International, 30 November 2020, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa41/3243/2020/en/ |
| ↑30 | Silvia Wong, “How the Vietnam film industry is booming even in the face of censorship”, Screen Daily, 8 September 2023, https://www.screendaily.com/features/how-the-vietnam-film-industry-is-booming-even-in-the-face-of-censorship/5185618.article; Minh Tran, “Vietnam’s Censoring of ‘Barbie’ Is a Reflection of the Party’s Paranoia”, The Diplomat, 15 July 2023, https://thediplomat.com/2023/07/vietnams-censoring-of-barbie-is-a-reflection-of-the-partys-paranoia/; “Incidents Against Freedom of Publication in 2018-2019: How Vietnam Continues to Violate Its Constitutional and International Obligations”, The 88 Project, 2 October 2019, https://the88project.org/incidents-against-freedom-of-publication-in-2018-2019-how-vietnam-continues-to-violate-its-constitutional-and-international-obligations/ |
Support our work
Freedom of Thought Report by Humanists International is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.